I  ^  ^/lAY  15  1893  -  / 

\  -A     _^ j:%/ 


01ylsion_BJ.45G(D 

Section  „....^J^ 

No \QGS 


AN 


ELEMENTARY 


HEBREW    GRAMMAR, 


WITH 


TABLES,  READING  EXERCISES,  AXD  A  VOCABULARY. 


BY 


WILLIAM  HENRY  GREEN, 

PBOFESSOB  IX  THE  THEOLOGICAL  SEMINAEY   AT  PEINCETOX,   S.  J, 


E^EW  YORK: 

JOHN  WILEY  &  SON,  PUBLISHERS, 

2  Clinton  Hall,  Astor  Place. 

18G8. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1866,  by 

W.  II.  aHEEN, 

In  the  Clcrk'a  Office  of  the  District  Court  for  the  Southern  Distiict  of  New  York. 


JOHN  F.  TROW  &  CO., 

PrIKTBBS,  StKREOTVPEES,   and   EtKCTKOTYPEaa^ 

No.  60  Greene  Street,  New  York. 


PREFACE. 


This  brief  Manual  has  been  prepared  with  special 
reference  to  the  wants  of  beginners.  The  essential  facts 
of  the  language  are  concisely  stated,  without  the  incum- 
brance of  minute  details,  which  would  confuse  their  minds 
and  impede  their  progress,  and  which  belong  properly  to 
a  more  advanced  stage  of  study.  The  tabular  form  has 
been  adopted  to  as  great  an  extent  as  possible,  in  order 
to  exhibit  to  the  eye  whatever  is  capable  of  such  a  mode 
of  representation.  The  Reading  Exercises,  which  are  of 
the  simplest  kind,  have  been  carefully  selected  with  a 
view  to  illustrate  the  forms  and  uses  of  different  parts 
of  speech,  and  especially  the  various  classes  of  perfect  and 
imperfect  verbs ;  and  they  are  accompanied  by  a  special 
Vocabulary. 

It  will,  as  is  hoped,  meet  the  wants  of  non -profes- 
sional students  who  seek  a  general  knowledge  of  this 
venerable  and  sacred  tongue  rather  than  a  thorough 
acquaintance  with  it,  and  who  might  be  repelled  by  a 
larger  and  more  costly  apparatus.  It  is  sufficiently  sim- 
ple  for   private   study    as   well   as    adapted    for    use    in 


IV 


PREFACE. 


schools  and  colleges  where  facilities  are  offered  for  t 
acquisition  of  the  Hebrew.  The  author  will  be  rejoic 
if  this  humble  volume  should  tend  in  any  way  to  a  mc; 
extended  familiarity  with  the  original  language  of  the  C 
Testament  among  intelhgent  and  liberally  educated  laym( 
This  elementary  treatise  may  also  serve  as  an  int? 
duction  to  the  author's  larger  Grammar  (which  is  throng 
out  referred  to  by  the  letter  G),  or  as  an  aid  in  revie 
ing  its  leading  facts  and  principles.  Tor  this  purpose, 
will  be  issued  without  the  Tables  and  Reading  Exercisi 


Princeton,  August  22c?,  1866. 


CONTENTS. 


IITHOGRAPHY. 

§  1.  The  Letters    . 

§  2.  Their  Classification  .  . 

§  3.  The  Vowel-Letters     . 

§  4.  .Vowel-Points 

§  6.    Quiescence  of  the  Vowel-Letters 

§  6.     Quantity  and  Quality  of  Vowels 

§  Y.    Sh'va  .  .  . 

§  8.    Pattahh-furtive  .         •  . 

§  9.    Syllables       .  • 

§  10.  Kamets  and  Kamets-Hhatuph    . 

§  11.  Daghesh-lene 

§  12.  Daghesh-forte    . 

§  13.  Mappik' 

§  14.  Raphe     .  .  .  . 

§  15.  Accents. 

§  16.  Position  of  the  Accent    . 

§  17.  Recession  of  the  Accent 

§  18.  Pause  Accents    . 

§  19.  Consecution  of  Accents 

§  20.  Makkeph 

§  21.  Methegh 

§  22.  K'ri  and  K'thibh 


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VI 


CONTENTS. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


§  23.  Pronouns      .  .  •  •  • 

§  24.  Verbs     ..... 

§  25.  Peculiar  Forms        .  -  •  . 

§  26.  Paragogic  and  Apocopated  Future  and  Imperati 

§  2Y.  Yav  Conversive        .... 

§  28.  Verbs  with  Suffixes 

§  29.  Imperfect  Verbs       .  .  .  • 

§  30.  Guttural  Verbs  .... 

§  31.  Pe  Guttural  Verbs    .... 

§  32.  Ayin  Guttural  Verbs        .  .  • 

§33.  Lamedh  Guttural  Verbs       .  , 

§  34.  Pe  Nun  (:'£)  Verbs         .  .  . 

§  35.  Ayin  Doubled  ( I'T )  Verbs   . 

§36.  PeYodhCB)  Verbs       . 

§  Z1.  Ayin  Vav  ( 's )  and  Ayin  Yodh  ("^V  )  Verbs 

§  88.  Lamedh  Aleph  (xV)  Verbs 

§  39.  Lamedh  He  (ri^ )  Verbs      . 

§  40.  Doubly  Lnperfect  Verbs 

§  41.  Unusual  Forms 

§  42.  Quadriliteral  Verbs 

§  43.  Gender  and  Number  of  Nouns 

§  44.  Feminine,  Dual,  and  Plural 

§  45.  In  Feminine  Nouns  .... 

§  46.  Construct  State  .... 

§  47.  Its  Formation  ..... 

§  48.  Paragogic  Vowels  .  .  • 

§  49.  Nouns  with  Suffixes  .  .  , 

§  50.  Irregular  i^'ouns  .... 

§  51.  Numerals      .  .  .  .  . 

§  52.  Prefixed  Particles 

§  63.  Separate  Particles    .... 


CONTENTS. 


vu 


SYNTAX. 

PA  IB. 

§  54.  The  Copula         .            .            . 

82 

§  55.  The  Article  .            .            .            . 

.     32 

§  56.  Nouns  definite  without  the  Article 

32 

§  57.  Adjectives    .... 

.     33 

§  58.  Demonstrative  Pronouns 

33 

§  59.  Comparison  of  Adjectives    . 

.     33 

§  60.  Numerals 

34 

§  61.  Apposition   .... 

.     34 

§  62.  The  Construct  State 

i            .          85 

§  63.  Tenses  of  Verbs 

.35 

§  64.  The  Preterite     ... 

36 

§  65.  The  Future  .... 

.    36 

§  66.  The  Secondary  Tenses    . 

37 

§  67.  Participles    . 

.     38 

§  68.  The  Infinitive     . 

38 

§  69.  Object  of  Yerbs 

.     39 

§  70.  Verbs  with  more  than  one  Object 

39 

§  71.  Adverbial  Expressions          .            * 

.     39 

§72.  Neglect  of  Agreement     . 

40 

§  73.  Compound  Subject  . 

.     40 

§  74.  Repetition  of  Words 

41 

§  75.  Relative  Pronoun    .            .           • 

41 

§  76.  Conjunctions       ,            •            • 

42 

EXERCISES  IN  READING 

.    43 

VOCABULARY 

• 

62 

GRAMMATICAL  TABLES. 

I.    The  Letters. 
n.     Classification  of  the  Letters.    The  Points. 


VUl  CONTENTS. 

in.  Pronouns.    Verbs, — Their  Species. 

rV.  Paradigm  of  Perfect  Verbs. 

V.  Paradigm  of  the  Perfect  Verbs  with  Suffixes. 

VI.  Paradigm  of  Pe  Guttural  Verbs. 

VII.  Paradigm  of  Ayin  Guttural  Verbs. 

Vni.  Paradigm  of  Lamedh  Guttural  Verbs. 

IX.  Paradigm  of  Pe  Nun  Verbs. 

X.  Paradigm  of  Ayin  Doubled  Verbs. 

XI.  Paradigm  of  Ayin  Vav  and  Ayin  Yodh  Verbs. 

Xn.  Paradigm  of  Pe  Yodh  Verbs. 

XIII.  Paradigm  of  Lamedh  Aleph  Verbs. 

XrV.  Paradigm  of  Lamedh  He  Verbs. 

XV.  Declension  of  Nouns. 

XVI.  Paradigm  of  Nouns  with  Suffixes. 

XVn.  Numerals. 

XVIII.  Inseparable  Prepositions  and  other  Prefixes. 

XIX.  The  Accents. 

XX.  Consecution  of  AccentB. 


ELEMENTARY  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 

§1.  The  Letters, 

Sounds  in  Hebrew  are  represented  by  letters  and  points. 

The  number  of  the  letters  is  twenty-two ;  these  are  all 
consonants,  and  are  written  from  right  to  left.  See  Table  I, 
G.  page  3. 

Seven  of  them  have  a  twofold  pronunciation,  the  distinc- 
tion being  made  by  an  accompanying  dot  or  point.  Thus  3 
is  hit  or  V,  and  2  3;  ^  is  gh,  5  y;  T  ^^  as  th  in  the,  ^  d;  D 
Jch  as  the  German  eh  in  ich,  3  >?r ;  S  j)h  or  /,  B  jo  ;  n  th  as 
in  tJiiny  n  t.  As,  however,  there  are  no  sounds  in  English 
corresponding  to  gh  and  M,  the  aspiration  of  >  and  3  is  com- 
monly neglected.  The  letter  tj  with  a  dot  over  its  right  arm 
has  the  sound  of  sh,  and  is  called  shin ;  to  with  a  dot  over 
its  left  arm  is  called  sin,  and  pronounced  like  s. 

n  has  a  stronger  sound  than  n  the  simple  /i,  and  is  ac- 
cordingly represented  by  hh. 

i^  has  no  sound ;  it  has  been  likened  to  the  smooth 
breathing  (')  of  the  Greeks  or  the  English  silent  h  in  hour. 

5?  is  a  deep  guttural  which  was  always  heard ;  but  it  is 
so  difficult  of  utterance  by  our  organs  that  no  attempt  is 
made  to  reproduce  it. 

The  forms  D  "a  3  &  2  are  used  at  the  bes-innino:  or  in  the 
middle  of  words  ;  at  the  end  of  words  the  bottom  stroke  is 
bent  downward,  1,  1 ,  q ,  f,  or  the  letter  closed  np,  D . 
1 


2  ORTHOGRAPHY.  §^  2-4. 

§  2.  Their  Classification, 

The  letters  may  be  divided,  see  Table  II,  G.  p.  9, 

First,  with  respect  to  the  organs  by  which  they  are  pro- 
nounced. 

Secondly,  into  weak,  medium,  and  strong.  The  weak 
consonants  suffer  or  occasion  frequent  changes  in  the 
formation  and  inflection  of  words.  The  strong  consonants 
are  capable  of  entering  without  change  into  any  combina- 
tions which  analogy  may  require.  Those  of  medium 
strength  are  neither  so  stable  as  the  latter  nor  so  feeble 
and  fluctuating  as  the  former. 

Thirdly,  into  radicals  and  serviles.  The  former,  which 
comprise  just  one-half  of  the  alphabet,  are  only  used  in  the 
roots  or  radical  portions  of  Avords.  The  latter,  though  they 
may  also  enter  into  roots,  are  likewise  employed  in  the  in- 
flection and  derivation  of  words,  in  prefixes  and  in  suffixes. 

%  3.  The  Vowel-Letters, 

The  vowels,  when  written  at  all,  Avere  originally  repre- 
sented by  what  are  called  the  vowel -letters.  Thus  ^  was 
used  to  signify  not  only  y  but  its  cognates  I  and  e ;  "\  stood 
for  6  and  u ;  ^  qxT\  for  a  or  its  compounds  e  and  6, 

The  long  vowels  were,  however,  frequently  omitted  in 
writing,  and  left  to  be  mentally  supplied  by  the  reader. 
This  was  almost  always  the  case  with  the  short  vowels,  ex- 
cept e,  which  might  be  represented  by  "^  or  n . 

§  4.  Vowel-Points, 

This  scanty  and  ambiguous  notation  has  been  supple- 
mented by  nine  vowel-points  ;  of  these,  three  represent  long, 
three  short,  and  three  doubtful,  vowels.  See  Table  II,  G. 
p.  15. 


^  5.  LETTERS.  3 

These  are  written  under  the  letter  after  which  they  are 
pronounced,  except  two,  viz.,  Hholem  and  Shurek. 

Hholem  is  placed  over  the  left  edge  of  the  letter  to  which 
it  belongs.  When  followed  by  a?  or  preceded  by  ii)  it  coin- 
cides with  the  diacritical  point  over  the  letter,  e.  g.  •rlc'a 
moshe,  i^sttJ  sane;  when  it  follows  ttJ  or  precedes  to  it  is 
written  over  its  opposite  arm,  e.  g.  ^'d^   shomer,  tJBnp  fir- 


Its  presence  in  these  cases  can  be  ascertained  by  the  fol- 
lowing rule.  If  preceded  by  a  letter  without  a  vowel-sign,  tJ 
will  be  osh,  and  to  os ;  if  it  have  itself  no  vowel-sign,  to  will 
be  so  and  to  sho,  except  at  the  end  of  words. 

Shurek  is  a  dot  in  the  bosom  of  the  letter  Vav,  thus  ^ . 
When  there  is  a  1  in  the  text  the  vowel  u,  whether  long  or 
short,  is  indicated  by  a  single  dot  within  it,  and  called  Shu- 
rek ;  in  the  absence  of  1  it  is  indicated  by  three  dots  placed 
obliquely  beneath  the  letter  to^  which  it  belongs,  and  called 
Kibbuts. 

§  5.   Quiescence  of  the  Trowel-Letters, 

When  i^  n  1  'I  represent  vowels,  they  are  interpreted  by 
the  preceding  or  accompanying  vowel-sign,  that  is  to  say, 
they  denote  the  sound  which  it  indicates.  When  they  are 
consonants,  but  have  lost  their  proper  sound  in  that  of  a  pre- 
ceding vowel,  they  are  said  to  quiesce  in  that  vowel,  and  are 
termed  quiescents. 

These  letters  maintain  their  consonantal  character  in  the 
body  of  words  whenever  they  are  followed  by  a  vowel  or  a 
ShVa,  ^  7,  or  have  a  Daghesh-forte,  ^  12  ;  for  two  vowels 
never  come  together  in  Plebrew,  and  ShVa  and  Daghesh- 
forte  belong  only  to  consonants ;  thus  ^T^  koveka,  n;nn 
vhdya,  C^p  kiyyam. 

At  the  end  of  words  ''  and  1  are  vowels  whenever  they 
are  preceded  by  their  homogeneous  vowel-signs,  ■•  by  ^  or  ^, 


4  ORTHOGRAPHY.  H  ^>  7. 

1  by  (>  or  Uy  but  not  otherwise,  as  "^  bly  ia  bo,  but  "'H  Ma^^ 

Final  n  is  a  vowel  unless  it  has  Mappik,  §  1 3. 

rinal  i5  is  either  a  vowel  or  a  quiescent,  whatever  the 
preceding  vowel-sign  may  be,  )kb  Id^  i<^n  hu  ;  if  a  vowelless 
consonant  precede  it  is  otiant,  i5"^!!l  vayyar. 

The  combination  T,  is  pronounced  av,  1''^?  and  i:^  anav, 

\  6.   Quantity  and  Quality  of  Vowels. 

As  letters  were  rarely  used  to  represent  the  short  vowels, 
Shurek  0)  and  Hhirik  with  Yodh  ("».)  are  commonly  long. 

When  1  and  ^  stand  for  their  long  homogeneous  vowels, 
these  latter  are  said  to  be  written  fully,  e.  g.  bip  holy  "i^a  nlvy 
t\'^  7nuth ;  without  these  vowel -letters  they  are  said  to  be 
written  defectively,  e.  g.  "^f^^prj  h'^klmothl,  cb3  kdmus. 

The  vowels  may  be  further  distinguished  into  pure,  a,  i, 
Uy  and  diphthongal,  CyO  ;  e  being  a  combination  of  a  and  i  or 
intermediate  between  them,  and  a  holding  the  same  relation 
to  a  and  u, 

^  7.  SJtva. 

Sh'va  T  is  placed  under  vowelless  consonants  to  indicate 
the  absence  of  a  vowel.  At  the  end  of  words,  however,  it  is 
omitted  unless  the  last  letter  is  1 ,  or  is  immediately  preceded 
by  another  vowelless  letter,  or  is  doubled  by  the  point  called 
Daghesh -forte,  §  12. 

ShVa  is  silent  at  the  end  of  syllables,  but  vocal  at  the 
beginning,  where  a  slight  sound  as  of  e  in  yiven  is  always 
introduced  between  concurring  consonants,  '^^7''??  h'midhhar. 

Besides  simple  ShVa,  which  has  just  been  explained, 
there  are  three  compound  Sh'vas,  used  chiefly  with  the  gut- 
turals, see  Table  II,  G.  p.  21.  These  represent  brief  transi- 
lion  sounds,  more  distinctly  assimilated  to  one  of  the  short 
vowels  (/,  c,  or  o. 


§^  8,  9.  VOWELS. SYLLABLES  5 

^  8.  Pattahh-furtive, 

Pattalih-furtive  —  is  an  extremely  short  a,  and  is  pro- 
nounced before  the  letter  under  which  it  is  written.  It 
occurs  with  2?,  n  or  the  consonantal  "n  at  the  end  of  words, 
when  preceded  by  a  vowel  other  than  a,  or  followed  by 
another  vowelless  consonant,  n^i  ru^'hh,  7\Tqit  sUama^^t. 

^  9.  Sj/llahles, 

Two  vowels  can  never  come  together  in  the  same  word 
in  Hebrew  without  an  intervening  consonant,  and  hence 
there  can  never  be  more  than  one  vowel  in  the  same  syl- 
lable. 

Every  syllable  except  initial  ^  must  begin  with  a  conso- 
nant, and  may  begin  with  two,  but  never  with  more  than 
two. 

Hence,  when  two  vowelless  consonants  concur  at  the  be- 
ginning of  a  syllable,  the  first  will  receive  a  short  vowel. 
This  is  commonly  Hhirik  ;  but  if  one  of  the  consonants  had 
a  compound  Sh'va,  the  vowel  corresponding  will  be  inserted  ; 
or  if  a  vowel  has  been  rejected,  the  new  vowel  may  be  con- 
formed to  it. 

Syllables  ending  with  a  vowel  are  called  simple ;  those 
ending  with  a  consonant,  or,  as  is  possible  at  the  close  of  a 
word,  with  two  consonants,  are  said  to  be  mixed. 

As  Pattahh-furtive  and  the  vocal  ShVas,  whether  simple 
or  compound,  are  not  vowels,  but  involuntary  transition 
sounds,  they,  with  the  consonants  under  which  they  stand, 
cannot  form  syllables,  but  are  attached  to  that  of  the  pre- 
ceding or  following  vowel ;  thus,  ^i"^T  zW(f. 

Unaccented  simple  syllables  always  contain  long  vowels, 
and  unaccented  mixed  syllables  short  vowels.  But  an  ac- 
cented syllable,  whether  simple  or  mixed,  may  contain  indif- 
ferently a  long  or  a  short  vowel.      Accordingly,  if  for  any 


6  ORTHOGRAPHY.  ^10. 

reason  a  mixed  syllable  becomes  simple,  its  vowel  is  ordina- 
rily lengthened  ;  and  if  a  simple  syllable  becomes  mixed,  or 
a  long  mixed  syllable  loses  its  accent,  its  vowel  is  ordinarily 
shortened. 

When  the  same  consonant  perfonriS  the  twofold  office  of 
completing  one  syllable  and  beginning  the  next,  the  first  is 
neither  simple  nor  mixed,  but  is  what  may  be  called  an  in- 
termediate syllable.  Its  vow^el  is  short,  as  though  it  were  a 
mixed  syllable,  and  yet  the  consonant  is  attached  to  what 
follows  as  though  it  were  simple.  Consonants  w^hich  stand 
in  this  equivocal  relation  are  mostly  such  as  remain  single 
when  analogy  w^ould  require  them  to  be  doubled,  or  have  a 
vocal  ShVa  or  a  vowel  when  they  might  be  expected  to  have 
a  silent  Sh'va. 

^10.  Kamets  and  Kajnets-HJiafupJi. 

Kamets  a  and  Kamets-Hhatuph  o  are  both  represented 
by  the  same  sign  ( , ),  but  may  be  distinguished  by  the  follow- 
ing rules. 

1.  In  an  accented  syllable,  whether  simple  or  mixed,  and 
in  an  unaccented  simple  syllable,  it  is  Kamets ;  in  an  unac- 
cented mixed  syllable  it  is  Kamets-Hhatuph. 

2.  Before  a  letter  with  simple  Sh'va  the  distinction  is 
mostly  made  by  Methegh  ;  without  Methegh  it  is  always 
Kamets-Hhatuph,  with  it  commonly  Kamets. 

3.  Before  a  guttural  with  Hhateph-Karaets  or  Kamets- 
Hhatuph  it  is  frequently  6,  though  accompanied  by  Methegh. 

4.  Sometimes  it  can  only  be  decided  by  the  etymology. 
If  the  vowel  be  derived  from  Hholem,  or  the  grammatical 
form  requires  an  o  or  a  short  vowel,  it  is  Kamets-Hhatuph ; 
but  if  it  be  derived  from  Pattahh,  or  the  form  requires  an  «, 
or  a  long  vowel,  it  is  Kamets. 


§§  11-13.  DAGHESn. MAPPIK.  7 

§  11.  Baghesli-lene. 

Daghesli-lene  is  a  point  inserted  in  the  six  letters 
n  a  T  D  B  n  (technically  called  B'gUadh  ICpJiath)  to  indicate 
the  loss  of  their  aspiration,  §  1 .  These  letters  retain  their 
aspiration  only  when  immediately  preceded  by  a  vowel  or 
vocal  ShVa  ;  and  consequently  always  receive  Daghesh-lene 
after  a  vowelless  consonant  or  after  a  pause,  i.  e.  at  the  be- 
ginning of  a  verse,  or  preceded  by  a  word  which  has  a  dis- 
junctive accent. 

§  12.  DagUesli-forte, 

Daghesh-forte  is  a  point  inserted  in  the  bosom  of  a  letter 
to  show  that  it  is  to  be  doubled  ;  thus  bia^l  vayyimmal.  It 
is  never  found  in  the  gutturals  &5  n  n  y  and  rarely  in  "^ . 

A  point  in  one  of  the  aspirates  is  Daghesh-forte  if  a  vowel 
precedes,  otherwise  it  is  Daghesh-lene.  The  aspirates  when 
doubled  likewise  lose  their  aspiration. 

A  point  in  Vav  is  Daghesh-forte  if  a  vowel  precedes ; 
otherwise  it  is  Shurek. 

Daghesh-forte  is  sometimes  inserted  for  euphony.  When 
the  first  letter  of  a  word  is  doubled  in  order  to  link  it  with 
the  final  vowel  of  the  word  preceding,  it  is  called  Daghesh- 
forte  Conjunctive. 

Daghesh-forte  is  frequently  omitted  from  a  vowelless  let- 
ter, whether  in  the  middle  or  at  the  end  of  words.  In  the 
former  case  the  following  Sh'va  generally  remains  vocal. 

^13.  Mapplk'. 

Mappik  is  a  point  inserted  in  a  final  He  to  denote  that  it 
is  a  consonant  and  not  a  vowel,  '^%y^  artsdh,  riinx  artsa. 


8  ORTHOGRAPHY.  §^  14-1 G. 

§  14.  BapliL 

Raphe  is  a  small  liorizontal  stroke  placed  over  a  letter 
and  denotes  the  opposite  of  Daghesh-lene,  Daghesh-forte, 
or  Mappik,  as  the  case  may  be ;  ^^793^^  Itwvdsdha,  not 
hivvas  dliuh, 

§  15.  Accents, 

An  accent  is  written  upon  every  word,  with  the  twofold 
design  of  marking  its  tone-syllable  and  of  indicating  its  rela- 
tion to  other  words  in  the  sentence. 

Accents  are  either  disjunctives  or  conjunctives,  see  XIX, 
G.  pp.  36,  37.  The  former  indicate  that  the  word  upon 
which  they  are  placed  is  more  or  less  separated  from  those 
that  follow ;  the  latter  that  it  is  connected  with  what  follows. 

The  place  of  the  accent  is  either  over  or  under  the  letter 
preceding  the  tone-vov/el,  with  the  exception  of  the  preposi- 
tives  (marked  prep,  in  the  table),  w^hich  ahvays  accompany 
the  initial  letter  of  the  word,  and  the  postpositives  (marked 
posfp),  which  stand  upon  its  final  letter. 

Siliuk  has  the  same  form  as  Methegh ;  but  the  former 
invariably  stands  on  the  tone-syllable  of  the  last  w^ord  in  the 
verse,  while  Methegh  is  never  written  under  a  tone-syllable. 
Pashta  is  likewise  distinguished  from  Kadhma,  and  Y'thibh 
from  Mahpakh,  only  by  their  position. 

In  the  poetical  books.  Job,  Psalms,  and  Proverbs,  a  differ- 
ent system  of  accentuation  prevails  from  that  which  is  in  use 
in  the  rest  of  the  Old  Testament. 

§  16.  Position  of  the  Accent. 

The  accent  always  falls  either  upon  the  ultimate  or 
penultimate  syllable,  and  is  governed  by  the  following  rules : 

1.  In  their  uninflected  state  all  w^ords,  whether  primitive 
or  derivative,  are  accented  on  the  ultimate,  ^y^ ,  T\r^ . 


^17.  ACCENTS.  9 

But  Segholate  words  and  forms,  that  is,  such  as  have  an 
unessential  vowel  in  the  ultimate,  inserted  to  soften  the  harsh- 
ness of  concurring  consonants,  are  accented  on  the  penulti- 
mate, tfbb  for  ^bia,  bj^  for  ^^^ . 

2.  If  the  word  receive  an  addition  at  the  end  consisting 
of  a  vowel  or  beginning  with  one,  this  will  attract  the  accent 
to  itself  or  to  its  initial  vowel,  D'^'^n'i ,  ii'in  . 

Excejptions, — a.  Suffixes  added  to  the  3  fem.  preterite 
of  verbs,  QO^'^0-  ^-  Personal  terminations  of  verbs  and  the 
paragogic  vowels  ^^ ,  n.,  and  "• . ,  when  they  do  not  cause  the 
rejection  of  the  vowel  previously  accented,  nti^,  ^^'^inn,  but 

3.  When  a  simple  syllable  is  attached  to  a  word  either 
directly  or  by  means  of  a  union  vowel,  the  accent  is  given  to 
the  penult,  Dxia,  T\tkfi,  ^3nDi?ia,  b^,  nij;?. 

The  suffix  '"  follows  the  general  rule,  when  preceded 
by  a  vowel, or  attached  to  the  3  fem.  preterite  of  verbs ; 
otherwise  it  draws  the  accent  upon  itself,  ?^''i«,  ^tinb^i,  ^i;». 

4.  A  consonant  appended  to  a  long  final  vowel  draws 
the  accent  to  the  ultimate,  ^n^is;),  ]^n^tt^. 

5.  Appended  mixed  syllables  always  receive  the  accent, 
DnDbn,  DDSbtt. 

6.  The  only  prefixes  which  affect  the  position  of  the  ac- 
cent are  the  Vav  Conversive  of  the  future,  which  draws  it 
back  from  a  mixed  ultimate  to  a  simple  penult,  "^"aJ^^^ ;  and 
the  Vav  Conversive  of  the  preterite,  which  throws  it  forward 
from  the  penult  to  the  ultimate,  ^yy^"\ . 

§  17.  Recession  of  the  Accent. 

A  conjunctive  is  frequently  removed  from  the  ultimate  to 
the  penult,  if  a  disjunctive  immediately  follows,  whether  upon 
a  monosyllable  or  the  penult  of  a  dissyllable,  nb:ib  i5^j5  Gen. 
1:5. 

1* 


10  ORTHOGRAPHY.  ^§  IvS,  19. 

^18.  Fatise  Accents. 

The  greater  disjunctives,  which  mark  the  limits  of  clauses 
and  sections,  are  called  pause  accents. 

These  sometimes  stand  upon  the  penult  in  words  ordi- 
narily accented  on  the  ultimate,  "^iix,  ''pjij ;  or  vice  versa 
upon  the  ultimate  in  place  of  the  penult,  n^iJ'^1 . 

They  also  occasion  certain  vowel  changes,  viz.,  they 

1.  Lenp;then  short  vowels,  'rbx,  "ras . 

O  '  -     T      >  AT    T 

2.  Restore  vowels  dropped  in  inflection,  ^^^"^T,  ^"ij^. 

3.  Change  simple  Sh  va  to  Seghol,  ^r^^,  W  . 

4.  Change  compound  ShVa  to  the  corresponding  long 

vowel,  ^i?«,  ^?ij. 


§  19.   Consecution  of  Accents. 

The  last  word  in  every  verse  receives  Silluk,  and  is  fol- 
lowed by  two  dots  vertically  placed  ( J )  called  Soph  Pasuk 
(i.  e.  end  of  the  verse). 

If  the  verse  consists  of  two  clauses,  the  last  word  of  the 
first  clause  is  marked  by  Athnahh.  If  of  three  clauses,  which 
is  the  greatest  number  that  any  verse  can  contain,  the  first  is 
limited  by  Segholta,  the  second  by  Athnahh,  and  the  last  by 
Silluk. 

These  clauses  are  divided  into  sections,  if  necessary,  by 
one  or  more  of  the  disjunctives,  Zakeph  Katon,  Zakeph 
Gadhol,  R'bhi%'Pazer,  and  T'lisha  G'dhola. 

In  the  sections  thus  created  the  accents  are  disposed 
relatively  to  the  disjunctive  which  marks  its  close,  see  XX, 
G.  p.  48. 

Each  disjunctive  of  the  first  class  is  regularly  preceded 
by  one  conjunctive  and  a  disjunctive  of  the  second  class ; 
disjunctives  of  the  second  class  by  two  conjunctives  and  a 
disjunctive  of  the  third  class  ;  disjunctives  of  the  third  class 
by  three  conjunctives  and  a  disjunctive  of  the  fourth  class ; 


^^20,21.  ACCENTS.  11 

and  disjunctives  of  the  fourth  class  by  four  or  more  con- 
junctives. 

The  trains  of  accents  thus  formed  are  adapted  to  sections 
of  different  length  and  character  by  omitting  such  of  the 
Conjunctives  and  more  rarely  by  repeating  such  of  the  Dis- 
junctives, as  the  mutual  relations  of  the  words  may  seem  to 
require,  and  breaking  off  the  series  whenever  all  the  words 
in  the  section  have  been  suppUed. 

^  20.  Makkej)h, 

Makkeph'  ( " )  is  used  to  connect  words.  Monosyllabic 
particles  especially  are  frequently  thus  linked  with  the  suc- 
ceeding or  preceding  word,  ''5"nto?r\"DS! . 

Where  two  or  more  words  are  united  in  this  manner  the 
last  onl}^  has  an  accent.  Hence  a  long  mixed  syllable,  fol- 
lowed by  Makkeph,  must  be  shortened,  5]iy"b5 ,  or  else  receive 
the  secondary  accent  Methegh,  nKn^-]'^5§ . 

§  21.  Methegh 

Methegh  (t)  represents  a  minor  stress  of  the  voice, 
which  usually  falls  upon  the  second  syllable  before  the  ac- 
cent, and  again  upon  the  fourth,  if  the  word  have  so  many. 

If  the  syllable,  which  should  receive  it,  is  mixed,  it  may 
be  given  in  preference  to  an  antecedent  simple  syllable  ;  or 
if  none  such  precede,  it  may  be  omitted  altogether. 

It  is  always  given  to  simple  syllables,  followed  by  a  vocal 
ShVa,  T^^^"^^  ;  also  to  intermediate  syllables  followed  by  com- 
pound ShVa,  or  a  vowel  which  has  arisen  from  compound 
Sh  va,  "115^1?  >  ^'TT^:  i  9,nd  frequently  when  the  ShVa  is  sim- 
ple, r]kvdi . 

The  place  of  Methegh  is  often  supplied  by  an  accent 
chosen  agreeably  to  the  laws  of  consecution,  Q^'on?^  . 


12  ORTHOGRAPHY.  ^  22. 

^  22.  KWi  and  KHJdbL 

1.  K'li  {read)  is  the  technical  name  of  a  marginal  read- 
ing in  the  Hebrew  Bible,  which  is  sanctioned  by  tradition  as 
a  substitute  for  the  corresponding  reading  in  the  text,  or  the 
K'thibh  {written).  The  vowels  of  the  K'rl  are  connected 
with  the  letters  of  the  text  and  a  reference  made  to  the  mar 
gin  where  the  letters  of  the  former  may  be  found. 

2.  If  a  given  word  is  to  be  omitted  in  reading,  it  is  left 
unpointed,  and  the  note  "'"ip  i^bi  n^nD  written  but  not  ready 
placed  in  the  margin.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  a  word  is  to  be 
supplied,  its  vowels  are  inserted  in  the  text,  and  the  letters 
placed  in  the  margin  with  the  note,  iTiD  vh^  inp  read  but  not 
written. 

3.  In  some  words  of  frequent  occurrence,  a  different  read- 
ing is  suggested  by  the  points  alone,  without  a  marginal 
explanation.  Thus  the  sacred  name  nin'' ,  which  the  Jews 
have  a  superstitious  dread  of  pronouncing,  is  read  by  them 
as  if  it  were  '^J^^?  Lord,  whose  points  it  accordingly  receives, 
nin^ ,  unless  these  two  names  stand  in  immediate  connection, 
when  to  avoid  repetition,  it  is  read  D'^n^^  and  pointed  n'jn;; 
so  the  pronoun  xin  is  read  i^'^n . 


ETYMOLOGY. 

^23.  Pronouns, 

The  Hebrew  pronouns  are  personal,  demonstrative,  rela- 
tive, and  interrogative  or  indefinite,  see  III,  G.  pp.  95-100. 

When  the  personal  pronouns  stand  in  a  relation  of  de- 
pendence to  verbs,  nouns,  and  particles,  they  are  appended  to 
them  in  abbreviated  forms  called  the  pronominal  suffixes. 

The  personal  pronoun  of  the  third  person  i<^n  is  used 
for  the  remote  demonstrative  that. 

The  vowel  of  the  interrogative  n^  varies  with  the  first  let- 
ter of  the  following  word,  see  XVIII,  G.  pp.  99,  100. 

In  a  few  instances  its  vowel-letter  is  dropped,  and  it  is 
converted  into  a  prefix,  T\vq  for  sit  rm . 

§24.   Verbs, 

Hebrew  verbs  have  seven  different  forms,  called  species, 
or  conjugations,  which  represent  as  many  modifications  of  the 
verbal  idea,  see  III,  G.  pp.  100,  109. 

The  first  of  these  species  is  called  Kal  li^Jitj  because  in  it 
no  other  than  the  three  radical  letters  appear,  and  these  only 
in  their  single  power.  The  names  of  the  other  species  are 
derived  from  b^D  to  do,  the  form  assumed  by  this  verb  in 
each  species  serving  as  its  designation. 

To  each  of  these  species  belong  a  preterite  and  future, 
two  forms  of  the  infinitive  called  respectively  the  absolute  and 
the  construct,  a  participle,  and,  except  to  the  Pual  and  Ho- 
phal  which  as  pure  passives  cannot  express  a  command,  an 
imperative.     The  Kal  alone  has  two  participles. 

Verbs  are  called  perfect  when  they  conform  throughout 


14  ETYMOLOGY.  §  2  ? 

to  the  standard  inflection,  see  IV,  G.  pp.  114,  115  ;  and  in? 
perfect  when  they  are  compelled  to  deviate  from  it  by  tl; . 
presence  of  a  weak  letter  or  some  other  peculiarity  in  tl : 
root. 

The  vowel  of  the  second  radical  in  the  Kal  preterite  c 
perfect  verbs  is  commonly  Pattahh,  sometimes  Tsere  or  Hb; 
lem ;  in  the  Kal  future  and  imperative  it  is  commonly  Hht  - 
lem,  though  it  is  sometimes  Pattahh.     Such  as  have  Tsere  « 
Hholem  in  the  preterite  regularly  take  Pattahh  in  the  futu 
and  imperative. 

Tav  of  the  prefixed  ^n  in  Hithpael  is  transposed  wii  • 
the  first  radical  of  the  verb,  if  it  be  one  of  the  sibilants  D ,  ;; 
or  to  ;  with  2  the  n  is  transposed  and  in  addition  changed  ■ ; 
t3 ;  with  ^ ,  t:  or  fi ,  and  occasionally  with  other  letters,  the 
is  assimilated  to  the  first  radical  and  united  with  it  by  D  . 
ghesh-forte,  binon ,  pimn ,  pa^n . 

^25.  Peculiar  Forms, 

When  the  last  radical  is  n  or  S,  it  is  united  by  D.i 
ghesh-forte  with  personal  endings  beginning  with  the  san . 
letter. 

The  vowel-letter  t\  may  be  added  to  the  2  masc.  sing,  c  i 
the  preterite  and  dropped  from  the  fem.  plurals  of  the  futui 
and  imperative. 

Pinal  1  is  sometimes  added  to  u  of  the  preterite,  and  1 
u  and  I  of  the  future. 

The  Kal  construct  infinitive  in  a  few  instances  has  Pa; 
tahh  in  place  of  Hholem,  SDttJ,  bsiD  ;  and  occasionally  it  take 
a  feminine  ending,  njbDT  for  pn^i . 

The  Niphal  absolute  infinitive  may  be  either  ^bp?  c 

A  few  verbs  have  Pattahh  or  Seghol  as  the  vowel  of  th 
second  radical  in  the  Piel  preterite  ;  Pattahh  also  occurs  iii 
the  Hithpael. 


^§  26,  27.  PARAGOGIC    FUTURE.  1 

t 


Pual  sometimes  has  Kamets-Hhatuph  and  Hophal  Kib- 
buts  in  the  first  syllable. 


^26.  JParagogic  and  Apocopated  Future  and  Imperative, 


% 


1.  The  vowel  H^  is  appended  to  the  first  person  of  the 
future,  and,  in  a  very  few  instances,  to  the  third  person  sin- 
gular, to  express  desire  or  determination,  J^fep^??  we  will  break 
or  let  MS  break.  This  is  called  the  paragogic  or  cohortative 
future. 

2.  The  apocopated  or  jussive  future  is  a  shortened  form 
of  the  second  or  third  persons  singular  and  expresses  a  wish 
or  command,  or  with  a  negative  dissuasion  or  prohibition. 
In  perfect  verbs  it  is  distinguished  from  the  simple  future 
only  in  the  Hiphil  species,  in  which  the  ''.  of  the  ultimate  Js 
changed  to  (..),  ^ii^J?  thou  mayest  understand  or  understand 
thou. 

3.  Paragogic  n^  is  sometimes  appended  to  the  masculine 
singular  of  the  imperative,  softening  the  command  into  an 
entreaty  or  expression  of  desire,  "^Tqt  oh,  hear!  ov  prau, 
hear  ! 

§  27.   Vav  Conversive. 

Vav  Conversive  is  a  modification  of  the  copulative  ^  and, 
and  is  so  called  because  it  has,  in  certain  cases,  the  remark  i- 
ble  effect  of  converting  the  future  into  a  preterite  and  the 
preterite  into  a  future. 

Vav  Conversive  prefixed  to  the  future  takes  Pattahh  fo: 
lowed  by  Daghesh-forte  in  the  next  letter.  If  this  be  Yodh 
with  Sh  va,  Daghesh  is  usually  omitted.  Before  «  of  the  first 
person,  which  cannot  receive  Daghesh,  Pattahh  is  lengthened 
to  Kamets.  The  verb  commonly  suffers  the  same  change  a-s 
in  the  apocopated  future,  §  26.  2,  and  in  the  first  pers(.a 
sometimes  has  paragogic  n^ . 


16  ETYMOLOGY.  ^  28,  29. 

Vav  Conversive  prefixed  to  the  preterite  has  the  same 
pointing  with  Vav  Conjunctive,  see  XVIII,  G.  p.  262. 

'For  the  influence  of  Vav  Conversive  on  the  accent,  see 
§16.6. 

§  28.   Verbs  witlt  Suffixes, 

The  personal  pronouns  are  frequently  suffixed  to  the 
verbs  of  which  they  are  the  object. 

The  suffixes  are  joined  directly  to  those  verbal  forms 
which  end  in  a  vowel ;  those  forms  which  end  in  a  conso- 
nant insert  before  '^ ,  D?  and  15  a  vocal  Sh'va,  and  before  the 
remaining  suffixes  a  fall  vowel,  which,  in  the  preterite,  is 
mostly  a,  and,  in  the  future  and  imperative,  mostly  e. 

Nun  epenthetic  is  sometimes  inserted  between  the  future 
of  the  verb  and  the  suffix,  particularly  in  emphatic  and 
pausal  forms. 

The  suffixes  are  given  in  Table  III,  G.  (folded  leaf),  both 
in  their  primary  forms,  and  as  modified  by  the  union  vowels 
and  Nun  epenthetic.  Various  parts  of  the  verb  in  connec- 
tion with  suffixes  are  shown  in  Table  V,  G.  pp.  138,  139. 

The  first  and  second  persons  of  the  verb  do  not  receive 
suffixes  of  the  same  person  with  themselves. 

§  29.  Imperfect  Verbs, 

Imperfect  Verbs  depart  more  or  less  from  the  standard 
inflection,  as  the  nature  of  their  radicals  may  require.  They 
are  of  three  classes,  viz. : 

I.  Guttural  verbs,  or  those  which  have  a  guttural  letter 
in  the  root. 

II.  Contracted  verbs,  two  of  whose  radicals  are  in  certain 
cases  contracted  into  one. 

III.  Quiescent  verbs,  or  those  which  have  a  quiescent  or 
vowel-letter  in  the  root. 

There  are  three  kinds  of  guttural  verbs  : 


^  30.  GUTTURAL    VERBS.  17 

1.  Pe  Guttural  verbs,  or  those  whose  first  radical  is  a 
guttural. 

2.  Ayin  Guttural  verbs,  or  those  whose  second  radical  is 
a  guttural. 

3.  Lamedh  Guttural  verbs,  or  those  whose  third  radical 
is  a  guttural. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  contracted  verbs  : 

1.  Pe  Nun  verbs,  or  those  whose  first  radical  is  Nun. 

2.  Ayin  Doubled  verbs,  or  those  whose  second  and  third 
radicals  are  alike. 

There  are  four  kinds  of  quiescent  verbs  ; 

1.  Pe  Yodh  verbs,  or  those  whose  first  radical  is  Yodh. 

2.  Ayin  Vav  and  Ayin  Yodh  verbs,  or  those  whose 
second  radical  is  Vav  or  Yodh. 

3.  Lamedh  Aleph  verbs,  or  those  whose  third  radical  is 
Aleph. 

4.  Lamedh  He  verbs,  or  those  in  which  He  takes  the 
place  of  the  third  radical. 

These  names,  like  those  of  the  verbal  species,  §  24,  are 
derived  from  the  verb  b^s  to  do ;  a  Pe  Guttural  verb  is  one 
which  has  a  guttural  in  that  place  which  Pe  occupies  in  b:?s , 
that  is,  as  its  first  radical ;  and  so  with  the  rest. 

§  30.   Guttural  Verbs, 

Gutturals  have  the  four  following  peculiarities  : 

1.  They  prefer  the  vowel  Pattahh. 

2.  They  receive  Pattahh-furtive. 

3.  They  take  compound  in  preference  to  simple  ShVa. 

4.  They  do  not  admit  Daghesh-forte. 
Pesh  shares  the  last   peculiarity,  but  partakes  of  the 

others  only  in  a  very  limited  degree. 


18  ETYMr)LOGT.  H  ^^ 


,A 


§  31.  Fe  Guttural  Verbs,  see  VI,  G.  pp.  147, 148. 

Hhirik  of  tlie  preformative  is  changed  to  Pattahh  or  '^ 
ghol;  to  the  latter  chiefly  in  those  parts  or  tenseis  in  whi 
the  second  radical  has  prevailing!}'  a. 

Por  simple  Sh'va  the  guttural  takes  compound,  eitli 
Hhateph-Pattahh,  or  a  Hhateph  conformed  to  the  precedii 
short  vowel.  Before  a  vowelless  letter  this  compound  Sh' 
becomes  a  short  vowel  in  an  intermediate  syllable. 

Upon  the  omission  of  Daghesh-forte  in  the  infinitive  i 
ture  and  imperative  Niphal,  the  preceding  Hhirik  is  lengt  : 
ened  to  Tsere. 

A  few  verbs,  whose  first  radical  is  i^,  receive  Hholem  ; 
the  first  syllable  of  the  Kal  future,  the  second  vowel  beii' 
Pattahh  or  Tsere.     This  is  called  the  Pe  Aleph  (i^'b)  mode 
inflection. 

^32.  Ai/in  Guttural  Verbs ,  see  VII,  G.  p.  155. 

The  vowel  following  the  guttural  is  converted  into  P 
tahh  in  the  future  and  imperative  Kal  and  in  the  femini 
plurals  of  the  future  and  imperative  in  the  other  species. 

When  the  second  radical  should  receive  simple  ShVa 
takes  Hhateph-Pattahh  instead  ;  and  to  this  the  new  vot 
formed  from  SliVa  in  the  feminine  singular  and  mascul 
plural  of  the  imperative  is  assimilated. 

Daghesh-forte  is  always  omitted  from  the  second  radi 
in  Piel,  Pual,  and  Hithpael,  in  which  case  the  precedi 
vowel  may  remain  short  in  an  intermediate  syllable,  or  H 
rik  may  be  lengthened  to  Tsere,  Pattahh  to  Karaets,  r 
Kibbuts  to  Hholem. 


^  33,  34.  LAMEDII    GUTTURAL   VERBS.  19 

§  33.  Zamed/i  Guttural  Verbs,  see  VIII,  G.  p.  160. 

The  vowel  preceding  the  third  radical  becomes  Pattahh 
i  1  the  future  and  imperative  Kal  and  in  the  feminine  plurals 
f  the  future  and  imperative  in  the  other  species. 

Tsere  preceding  the  third  radical  may  either  be  changed 
"3  Pattahh  or  retained  ;  in  the  latter  case,  the  guttural  takes 
ii;*attahh -furtive. 

I  Hhirik,  Hholem  (of  the  infinitive),  and  Shurek  suflbr  no 
hange  before  the  final  guttural  which  receives  a  Pattahh- 
irtive. 

The  guttural  retains  the  simple  Sh'va  of  the  perfect  verb 
:.  efore  personal  terminations  beginning  mth  a  consonant, 
!  lough  compound  Sh'va  is  used  before  suffixes. 

When,  however,  a  personal  affix  consists  of  a  single  vow- 
lless  letter,  as  in  the  second  feminine  singular  of  the  pre- 
i=3rite,  the  guttural  receives  a  Pattahh-furtive. 

^  34.  Pe  Nan  (3S)  Verbs,  see  IX,  G.  p.  164. 

Nun,  as  the  first  radical  of  verbs,  has  two  peculiarities, 
;  iz.  : 

1 .  At  the  end  of  syllables  it  is  commonly  assimilated  to 
•:;ie  following  consonant,  the  two  letters  being  written  as  one, 

id  the  doubling  indicated  by  Daghesh-forte.  In  the  Ho- 
;  \  lial  Kamets-Hhatuph  becomes  Kibbuts  before  the  doubled 
\  tter. 

2.  In  the  Kal  imperative  with  Pattahh  it  is  frequently 
i ! Topped,  its  sound  being  easily  lost  at  the  beginning  of  a  syl- 
i  ible  when  it  is  without  a  vowel.     A  like  rejection  occurs  in 

:  le  Kal  infinitive  construct  of  a  few  verbs,  the  abbreviation 
;-3ing  in  this  case  compensated  by  adding  the  feminine  ter- 
ination  fi. 

ir]?  assimilates  its  last  as  well  as  its  first  radical. 

n}:b  has  the  peculiarities  of  Pe  Nun  verbs. 


20  ETYMOLOGY.  ^35. 

§  35.  Ai/in  Douhled  (/:?)  Verbs,  see  X,  G.  pp.  170, 171. 

In  tlie  Kal,  Niphal,  Hipliil,  and  Hoplial  the  repetition  of 
the  same  sound  is  avoided  by  uniting  the  two  similar  radi- 
cals and  giving  the  intervening  vowel  to  the  previous  letter, 
thus  :  no  for  nno  ,  no  for  nno . 

In  the  Kal  this  contraction  is  optional  in  the  preterite ; 
it  is  rare  in  the  infinitive  absolute  though  usual  in  the  con- 
struct, and  it  never  occurs  in  the  participles.  With  tfeese 
exceptions  it  is  universal  in  the  species  already  named. 

This  contraction  produces  certain  changes  both  in  the 
vowel,  which  is  thrown  back,  and  in  that  of  the  preceding 
syllable. 

1.  When  the  first  radical  has  a  vowel  (pretonic  Kamets) 
this  is  simply  displaced  by  the  vowel  of  the  second  radical. 


sno ,  no  ;  nnsn ,  nion 


2.  When  the  first  radical  ends  a  mixed  syllable,  this  will 
become  simple  upon  the  shifting  of  the  vowel  from  the  second 
radical  to  the  first.  Then  a  Daghesh-forte  may  be  given  to 
the  first  radical  in  order  to  preserve  the  preceding  short 
vowel,  or  the  preformative  may  take  the  simplest  of  the  long 
vowels  a,  or  its  previous  vowel  may  be  lengthened  from 
Hhirik  to  Tsere,  Pattahh  to  Kamets,  and  Kamets-Hhatuph 
to  Shurek,  thus  ;  nno^  becomes  30?  or  nD;> ,  and  nnri:'  ni3;i . 

3.  The  vowel,  which  has  been  thrown  back,  is  com- 
pressed as  vowels  usually  are  before  two  consonants.  Thus 
in  the  Niphal  future  and  imperative,  2nD;> ,  ns;' ;  nnen ,  n^n 
(comp.  btap,  nbtop) ;  in  the  Hiphil,  n^^scn,  3?n  (comp.  b^bp:;. 

Although  the  letter,  into  which  the  second  and  third 
radicals  have  been  contracted,  represents  two  consonants,  the 
doubling  cannot  be  made  to  appear  at  the  end  of  the  word. 
But, 

] .  When  in  the  course  of  inflection  a  vowel  is  added,  the 
letter  receives  Daghesh-forte  and  the  preceding  vowel,  even 


^  36.  PE   TODH    VERBS.  21 

where  it  would  be  dropped  in  perfect  verbs,  is  retained  to 
make  the  doubhng  possible,  and  hence  preserves  its  accent, 
rub,  'isioj. 

2.  Upon  the  addition  of  a  personal  ending  which  begins 
with  a  consonant,  the  utterance  of  the  doubled  letter  is  aided 
by  inserting  o  (i)  in  the  preterite,  and  e  C^.,)  in  the  future. 
By  the  dissyllabic  appendage  thus  formed  the  accent  is  car- 
ried forward,  and  the  previous  part  of  the  word  is  shortened 
in   consequence   as   much   as   possible,  ion ,   t^iapn ;    no^ , 

3.  When,  by  the  operation  of  a  rule  already  given,  the 
first  radical  has  been  doubled,  the  reduplication  of  the  last 
radical  is  frequently  omitted  in  order  to  relieve  the  word  of 
too  many  doubled  letters,  ^ntp^' ,  roiDn  . 

The  Piel,  Pual,  and  Hithpael  sometimes  preserve  the  per- 
fect forms,  sometimes  reduplicate  the  contracted  root,  as 
•JDDD ,  b^bj^nn ,  and  sometimes  give  up  the  reduplication  alto- 
gether and  insert  the  long  vowel  Hholem  after  the  first  radi- 
cal, nnio ,  bShnn . 

In  the  Kal  and  Hiphil  futures,  when  the  penult  is  a  sim- 
ple syllable,  the  accent  is  drawn  back  by  Vav  Conversive  and 
the  vowel  of  the  ultimate  is  shortened,  noj ,  no^i ;  no;* ,  no'^l . 

§  36.  Fe  Yod/i  (^s)  Ferbs,  see  XII,  G  p.  179. 

The  first  radical  is  mostly  Yodh  at  the  beginning,  and 
Vav  at  the  close,  of  a  syllable. 

In  the  Kal  future,  if  Yodh  be  retained  it  will  quiesce  in 
and  prolong  the  previous  Hhirik,  and  the  second  radical  will 
take  Pattahh,  e.  g.  ifiii^^ ;  if  the  first  radical  be  rejected  the 
previous  Hhirik  is  commonly  lengthened  to  Tsere,  ^g!? ,  the 
Pattahh  of  the  second  syllable  being  sometimes  changed  to 
Tsere  to  correspond  with  it,  i®.'?  ;  in  a  few  instances  Hhirik 
is  preserved  by  giving  Daghesh-forte  to  the  second  radical  as 
in  Pe  Nun  verbs,  n^;' ,  p2r? . 


22  ETYMOLOGY.  ^  37. 

Those  verbs  which  reject  Yodh  in  the  Kal  future,  reject  it 
likewise  in  the  imperative  and  infinitive  construct,  the  infini- 
tive being  prolonged  as  in  Pe  Nun  verbs  by  the  feminine 
termination. 

In  the  Niphal  preterite  and  participle,  Vav  quiesces  in  its 
homogeneous  vowel  Hholem ;  in  the  infinitive,  future,  and 
imperative,  where  it  is  doubled,  it  retains  its  consonantal 
character. 

In  the  Hiphil,  Vav  quiesces  in  Hholem ;  a  few  verbs  have 
Yodh  quiescing  in  Tsere,  l"'t:^n ,  ^^b^";! ;  more  rarely  still  the 
first  radical  is  dropped  and  the  preceding  short  vowel  is  pre- 
served by  doubling  the  second  radical,  ^^^t^ ,  :?'«k^ . 

In  the  Hophal,  Vav  quiesces  in  Shurek ;  occasionally  the 
short  vowel  is  preserved  and  Daghesh  inserted  in  the  second 
radical,  sk^ . 

In  the  Hithpael  the  first  radical  is  commonly  Yodh,  but 
a  few  verbs  have  Vav. 

^  37.  Jpn  Vav  (iJ)  a^id  Ayin  Yodh  0&)  Verbs,  see  XI,  G. 
pp.  186,  187. 

1.  The  quiescent  may  be  rejected  and  its  vowel  given  to 
the  preceding  radical.  So  in  the  Kal  preterite  :  ni|?  for  Diip, 
where  a  is  in  partial  compensation  for  the  contraction,  ni?  for 
tm  .  Active  participle  DJJ  for  Dig,  sra  for  fij^,  the  ordinary 
participial  form  being  superseded  by  that  of  another  verbal 
derivative.  Hiphil  and  Hophal :  Q^pn  for  D^lpn ,  D^p;"  for 
D'inp;: ,  Di?^«^  for  °]p\',  the  short  vowel  of  the  prefix  being  pro- 
longed in  a  simple  syllable. 

2.  Or  it  may  be  converted  into  its  homogeneous  vowel 
u  or  ^,  D'^p,  n'^'H;  Dip  J,  "^""1^  the  prefix  usually  taking  the 
simplest  of  the  long  vowels,  a;  m  combined  with  a  preceding 
or  accompanying  a  forms  o,  Kal  abs.  infin.  Dip  =  kaum, 
Niphal  Dips  for  Dip?. 

3.  In  the  first  and  second  persons  of  the  Niphal  and 
Hiphil  preterites,  o  ( i )  is  inserted  before  the  affixed  termina- 


§  38,  39.  LAMEDH    ALEPH    AND    HE   VERBS.  23 

tions,  and  sometimes  c  (■•..)  in  the  feminine  plurals  of  the  Kal 
future.  In  the  Niphal  preterite,  when  the  inserted  i  receives 
the  accent,  the  preceding  i  is  for  euphony  changed  to  ^ . 

4.  In  the  Kal  and  Hiphil  species  the  apocopated  future 
takes  0  and  €  in  distinction  from  the  ordinary  future,  which 
has  u  and  f,  n'lf/^,  ^i?;.  With  Vav  Conversive  the  accent  is 
drawn  back  to  the  simple  penult,  and  the  vowel  of  the  last 
syllable  is  shortened,  no  •!] ,  istjh . 

In  the  Piel,  Pual,  and  Hithpael,  the  form  of  perfect  verbs 
is  rarely  adopted,  the  second  radical  appearing  as  l,  e.  g.  ^i!2?, 
or  as  '^^  e.  g.  D!p. 

Commonly  the  third  radical  is  redupHcated  instead  of  the 
second,  which  then  quiesces  in  Hholem,  Pi.  D^sip,  Pu.  0^"^?, 
Hith.  n^iprin. 

Sometimes  the  quiescent  letter  is  omitted  from  the  root, 
and  the  resulting  biUteral  is  reduplicated.  Pi.  bibs,  Pu.  bsbs. 

^  33.  Zamed/i  Alepli  {^)  Verbs,  see  XIII,  G.  p.  193. 

Aleph,  as  the  third  radical  of  verbs,  retains  its  consonantal 
character  only  when  it  stands  at  the  beginning  of  a  syllable. 

At  the  end  of  the  word  it  invariably  quiesces  in  the 
preceding  vowel,  and  if  this  be  Pattahh,  it  is  lengthened  to 
Kamets ;  so  always  in  the  Kal  future  and  imperative,  where 
S  as  a  guttural  requires  a,  ^Tiy^  for  f^Tq"^ . 

Before  syllabic  affixes  «  quiesces  in  Kamets  in  the  Kal 
preterite  C"^?^ »  except  in  those  words  which  have  Tsere  as 
their  proper  vowel,  C"^^?-  In  the  preterites  of  the  derivative 
species  it  quiesces  in  Tsere,  and  in  all  futures  and  impera- 
tives in  Seghol. 

If  t39.  Lamedh  He  (n"b)  Verbs,  see  XIV,  G.  pp.  198,  199. 

The  third  radical,  which  is  Yodh  or  Vav,  does  not  appear 
at  the  end  of  the  word  except  in  the  Kal  passive  participle 


24  ETYMOLOGY.  §  40 

^"^^ ;  ill  all  other  cases  it  is  rejected  or  softened,  tlie  resulting 
vowel  termination  being  usually  expressed  by  the  letter  n. 

The  various  preterites  end  in  ri^ . 

The  futures  and  participles  in  n.. . 

The  imperatives  in  fi„ . 

The  absolute  infinitives  in  n  •  or  n.. . 

The  construct  infinitives  have  the  feminine  ending  tni . 

Before  personal  endings  beginning  with  a  vowel,  the  last 
radical  (though  occasionally  retained  in  prolonged  and  pausal 
forms  ^''gn),  is  commonly  rejected,  and  its  vowel  given  to  the 
antecedeijt  consonant,  '^^  for  '^^^^ . 

Before  personal  endings  beginning  with  a  consonant  the 
radical  ^  remains  and  quiesces  in  either  .  Hhirik  or  Tsere  in 
the  preterites  and  in  Seghol  in  the  futures  and  imperatives. 

The  third  person  feminine  of  the  preterites  retains  the  pri- 
mary characteristic  n^,  rp^,  which  is  commonly  softened  by 
an  appended  n^,  ^^)h 

Porms  not  augmented  by  personal  endings  lose  their  final 
vowel  before  sufiixes,  e.  g.  ^p^J,  ^^?  from  n^J.  The  preterite 
3  fem.  takes  its  simple  form,  e.  g.  ^J^ripj  or  ^r\3j . 

The  final  vowel  ^..  is  rejected  from  the  futures  when 
apocopated,  or  when  preceded  by  Vav  Conversive,  e.  g.  ^i^, 
bi^l  from  n|5^ .  The  concurrence  of  final  consonants  thence 
resulting  in  the  Kal  and  Iliphil  is  commonly  relieved  by  in- 
serting an  unaccented  Seghol  between  them,  Kal,  ^57  or  bj^, 
from  ni):" ;  Hiph.  bj'^ ,  b^^i  from  r\j^^, . 

The  final  vowel  n..  is  sometimes  rejected  from  the  imper- 
ative in  the  Piel,  Hiphil,  and  Hithpael  species,  e.  g.  b|  for 
^h ,  b?^!  for  np^n ,  bhnn  for  r.J^nn 

n'Jri  to  he,  fut.  n^.n^' ,  apoc.  '^n;' ,  part,  rnn . 

n':;n  to  live,  fut.  t\\r\^^ ,  apoc.  "V^^^  . 

§  40.  Doubly  Tmjperfect  Verhs. 

Verbs  which  have  two  weak  letters  in  the  root,  or  which 
are  so  constituted  as  to  belons:  to  two  different  classes  of  im- 


^  41,  42.  UNUSUAL    FORMS.  25 

perfect  verbs,  commonly  exhibit  tlie  peculiarities  of  botli,  un- 
less they  interfere  with  or  limit  one  another.  Thus,  a  verb 
which  is  both  i<s  and  Tib  will  follow  the  analogy  of  both  para- 
digms, the  former  in  its  first,  and  the  latter  in  its  second 
syllable.  But  in  verbs  which  are  both  13?  and  ti'b ,  the  1  is 
invariably  treated  as  a  perfect  consonant,  and  the  n"b  pecu- 
liarities are  alone  preserved. 


§  41.  TJnusual  Forms. 

Verbs  belonging  to  one  class  of  imperfect  verbs  occasion- 
ally adopt  forms  from  another  and  closely  related  class. 
Thus,  a  s"b  verb  may  appear  with  a  Wb  form,  or  an  "b  verb 
with  an  y'b  form,  or  vice  versa, 

A  few  verbs  of  different  classes  adopt  the  peculiar  5?V  or 
"\^  modes  of  forming  the  Piel,  Pual,  and  Hithpael,  inserting 
the  vowel  o  instead  of  the  usual  reduplication,  e.  g.  '(tyq  and 
tys ,  Piels  of  TZJ^i? ,  i'!»?an:<  and  itc^sn:^  from  tzj?a,  or  doubling 
the  third  radical  in  place  of  the  second,  e.  g.  "ji?"! ,  b^^« , 
ry]'^}_  ( =  ii«5)  from  nk;  ( 1=  nkj),  ninnisn  (fut.  siinntp;^ ,  with 
Vav.  Conv.  irinir^])  from  Thw ,  or  reduplicating  an  entire  syl- 
lable, e.  g.  "^^"^^n,  'innno. 

A  very  few  instances  occur  of  what  may  be  called  com- 
pound species  ;  thus,  Niphal  of  Pual  l^ii|J3 ,  Niphal  of  Hith- 
pael ^"^s:!?,  "1SS2,  jnjncD. 

^42.   Quadriliteral  Verbs. 

The  number  of  quadriliteral  verbs  is  very  small.     Some 
adopt  the  vowels  and  inflections  of  the  Piel  and  Pual  species^ 
while  others  follow  the  Hiphil. 
2 


26  ETYMOLOGY.  ^  43,  44. 

Nouns. 

§  43.   Gender  and  Number, 

Nouns  in  Hebrew  are  of  two  genders,  masculine  and 
feminine.  The  masculine  has  no  characteristic  termination ; 
the  feminine  ends  in  n^  or  in . 

There  are  three  numbers,  the  singular,  dual,  and  plural. 

The  plural  of  masculine  nouns  ends  in  D*". ,  or  more  rarely 
X. ,  and  that  of  feminine  nouns  in  Mi . 

It  is  to  be  observed,  however,  that  a  number  of  feminine 
nouns  lack  the  characteristic  ending  in  the  singular.  Also 
that  some  masculine  nouns  take  fii  in  the  plural,  some  femi- 
nines  take  0"^.  ,  and  some  of  each  gender  take  indifferently 
D"^ .  or  Mi . 

The  dual  is  restricted  for  the  most  part  to  the  names  of 
objects  occurring  in  pairs.  It  ends  in  d;'_  in  nouns  of  both 
genders. 

§  44.   Feminine,  Dual,  and  Plural ,  see  XV,  G.  pp. 
246,  247. 

The  following  changes  result  from  appending  these  ter- 
minations to  nouns. 

I.  The  feminine  ending  n . 

1.  If  the  ultimate  is  simple  there  is  no  change. 

2.  If  the  ultimate  is  mixed,  a  Segholate  form  is  adopted, 
i.  e.  an  unaccented  Seghol,  or,  if  the  last  letter  be  a  guttural, 
Pattahh  is  inserted  before  the  termination. 

II.  The  feminine  n^ ,  the  plural  D\  or  ni,  and  the 
dual  D^  . 

In  a  mixed  ultimate, 

I.  Tsere  is  rejected  except  from  monosyllables,  or  when 
the  preceding  voAvel  is  a  pretonic  Kamets.  Other  vowels 
suffer  no  change. 


§^45,46.  FEMININE    NOUNS.  27 

2.  The  final  letter  is  doubled  in  nouns  from  coi.tracted 
^'y  roots,  in  those  in  which  consonants  concurring  at  the  end 
have  coalesced,  and  in  a  few  others. 

3.  Segholates,  i.  e.  nouns  with  an  unaccented  vowel  in 
the  ultimate,  resume  their  primary  monosyllabic  form  before 
the  feminine  ending  f^, ;  in  the  plural,  and  occasionally  in 
the  dual,  they  receive  pretonic  Kamets,  and  the  ori.Q;inaI 
vowel  of  the  monosyllable  falls  away. 

In  a  simple  ultimate, 

1.  n..  is  rejected. 

2.  ''.  becomes  n^.  ,  n*'^.  or  D"^. ,  ni*.  . 
In  the  penult, 

Kamets  and  Tsere  are  rejected,  except  from  nouns  in  n^ , 


^45.  In  Feminine  Nouns. 

Feminine  nouns  in  Ji^ ,  if  derived  from  Segholates,  §  44, 
insert  pretonic  Kamets  in  the  plural,  and  drop  their  original 
vowel ;  if  not,  they  simply  substitute  the  plural  for  the  sin- 
gular ending.     Before  the  dual  ending  X\  ^  becomes  n  r' 

Feminine  nouns  in  n..  substitute  the  plural  for  the  singu- 
lar ending,  and  either  reject  the  preceding  vowel,  or  restore 
it  to  what  it  would  have  been,  if  n.  had  not  been  appended. 
Nouns  in  rr* .  and  m  take  w^ .  and  ni'^ . . 


§  46.   Construct  State. 

When  one  noun  stands  in  a  relation  of  dependence  on 
another,  the  first  is  put  in  the  construct  state.  A  noun 
which  is  not  so  related  to  a  following  one,  is  said  to  be  in  the 
absolute  state.  Thus,  "li'i  word,  is  in  the  absolute  state ;  but 
in  the  expression  ^^isn  "O'l  the  word  of  the  Icing,  'ih'i  is  in  the 
construct  state. 

The  construct  is  a  shortened  form,  the  speaker  naturally 


28  ETYMOLOGY.  H  47-49. 

hastening  forward  from  tlie  first  noun  to  the  second,  which 
is  necessary  to  complete  the  idea. 

§  47.  Its  Formation,  see  XV,  G.  pp.  246,  247. 

The  following  changes  occur  in  the  formation  of  the 
construct : 

1.  The  feminine  n^  becomes  M. ;  "the  dual  D\  and  the 
plural  D"^.  become  \  . 

2.  In  a  mixed  ultimate  Kamets  is  shortened  to  Pattahh  j 
so  is  Tsere  when  preceded  by  pretonic  Kamets. 

3.  Medial  ^  and  ^  commonly  quiesce  in  Hholem  and 
Tsere  in  the  construct ;  so,  frequently,  in  the  absolute  dual 
and  plural,  and  before  suffixes  ;  final  ^_  becomes  '^.. . 

4.  In  a  simple  ultimate  n..  becomes  n„ . 

5.  Kamets  and  Tsere  are  rejected  from  the  syllable  pre- 
ceding the  accent ;  and,  if  this  occasions  a  concurrence  of 
vowelless  consonants,  a  short  vowel  is  inserted  between  them. 


^48.   Faragogic  Vowels. 

The  unaccented  vowel  r^,  added  to  nouns  indicates  mo- 
tion or  direction  towards  a  place,  whence  it  is  called  He 
directive  or  He  local. 

Paragogic  '^. ,  i  or  Jn,  are  sometimes  appended  to  nouns 
without  affecting  the  sense. 

§  49.  Nouns  witli  Suffixes. 

The  pronominal  suffixes  are  appended  to  nouns  in  the 
sense  of  possessive  pronouns. 

The  forms  which  they  assume  when  attached  to  singular 
nouns,  or  combined  with  ^..  of  nouns  in  the  dual  and  plural, 
are  shown  in  Table  XVI,  G.  p.  254, 

I.  Before  the  grave  suffixes  (viz.  \  t?D ,  15 ,  tsn ,  1^}), 


^  50.  IRREGULAR   NOUNS.  29 

Nouns  of  both  genders  and  of  all  numbers  take  the  form 
of  the  construct. 

IL  Before  the  light  suffixes, 

1.  Singular  or  plural  nouns  with  a  feminine  ending  adopt 
the  construct  form,  only  t\_  is  changed  to  ri^  . 

2.  Singular  or  plural  nouns  not  having  a  feminine  end- 
ing adopt  the  same  form  as  before  the  absolute  plural  ter- 
mination. 

3.  Dual  nouns  retain  the  form  which  they  have  before 
the  absolute  dual  termination. 

III.  Before  all  suffixes,  grave  or  light, 

1.  Segholate  nouns  in  the  singular  revert  to  their  mono- 
syllabic form,  as  before  the  feminine  ending  ri^ . 

2.  Pinal  letters,  which  are  doubled  in  the  plural,  or  in 
which  two  consonants  have  coalesced,  are  doubled. 

3.  Pinal  n^  is  dropped. 

§  50.  Irregular  Nouns. 

The  following  nouns  of  frequent  occurrence  are  irregular 
in  the  plural : 

©"•5?  man  plur.    D'^fci?  rarely  "zsrir^ 

nfeif!  woman,  const.  ™«  plur.      D^icj 

•rbij  maidservant  plur.  riin^ax 

ri;>3  house  plur.     D'^p.n 

"i?  son  plur.      Q'lS? 

r3  daughter,  suf.  ''ri3    plur.     riibn 

di""  day  plur.      D^b^  rarelv  riitt)* 

"T^:?  city  plur.      D"''i:j  once   "^yx 

iL^^n  head  plur.  Q"ifci5n 

The  nouns  n^  father ,  n«  brother,  and  ns  mouth,  take 
the  vowel ''.  in  the  construct  and  before  suffixes,  e.  g.  const. 
•»!« ,  suf.  ^i:? ,  '^i'^ii^ . 


30  ETYMOLOGY.  H  51-53. 

§  51.  Numerals,  see  XVII,  G.  pp.  255-258. 

The  cardinals  from  three  to  ten  are  in  form  of  the  singu- 
lar number,  and  have  a  feminine  termination  when  joined  to 
mascuhne  nouns^  but  omit  it  when  joined  to  feminine  nouns. 

The  tens  are  formed  by  adding  the  masculine  plural 
termination  to  the  units,  D'^nis:^  twenty  being,  however,  de- 
rived not  from  two  but  from  ten  "li^i? . 

There  are  no  distinct  forms  for  ordinals  above  ten,  the 
cardinal  numbers  being  used  instead. 

Practional  parts  are  expressed  by  the  feminine  ordinals, 
as  well  as  by  special  terms. 

^52.  Prefixed  F articles. 

Particles  of  one  letter  are  prefixed  to  the  following  word, 
and  their  vowels  are  regulated  by  its  initial  consonant. 

This  is  the  case  with  the  definite  article  '  n  tlie,  the  sign 
of  interrogation  n ,  the  inseparable  prepositions  a  in,  3  ac- 
cording to,  ^  to,  '"1^  an  abbreviation  of  "J^  from,  and  the  con- 
junction )  and;  see  XVIII,  G.  pp.  258-263. 

After  the  prepositions  n ,  D ,  b ,  the  letter  m  of  the  article 
is  generally  dropped,  and  its  vowel  given  to  the  preposi- 
tion. The  initial  n  of  the  Hiphil  and  Niphal  infinitives  is 
occasionally  rejected  in  like  manner. 

Initial  i^  sometimes  quiesces  after  the  inseparable  prepo- 
sitions and  Vav  Conjunctive,  '^n.^a  for  ^T^^"^.,  ^^^\  for  ntjs^b, 
''b'b^.l  for  "^b'bJJ^i . 

Before  suffixes  3  assumes  the  syllable  i^  and  "J^  redu- 
plicates itself,  see  XVIII,  G.  p.  262. 

§  53.  Separate  Particles, 

The  longer  particles,  whether  adverbs,  prepositions,  con- 
junctions, or  interjections,  are  written  as  separate  words. 


J  53.  SEPARATE    PARTICLES.  31 

The  prepositions  ^Hi?  after,  "bi;  to,  1?  unto,  ^?  upon,  and 
tt\T\  under,  assume  before  suffixes  the  form  of  nouns  in  the 
mascuHne  plural,  e.  g.  "^"^ni? ,  ^^^^. ;  T^  between,  adopts 
sometimes  a  singular,  sometimes  a  masculine  plural,  and 
sometimes  a  feminine  plural  form,  i3^4  and  'I'^b''^,  ^-''^5 
and^rnis^n. 

The  preposition  rs  witli,  commonly  becomes  P^it  before 
suffixes,  e.  g.  ''r*^ ,  D?r^s ,  and  is  thus  distinguished  from  nj;^ 
the  sign  of  the  definite  object,  which  becomes  Mii5 ,  or  bofore 
grave  suffixes,  rii« ,  e.  g.  ''nb^ ,  DDnx  . 


SYNTAX. 

§  54.  The  Cojpula, 

The  predicate  of  a  sentence,  if  a  substantive,  adjective,  oi 
pronoun,  may  be  directly  connected  with  its  subject  without 
an  intervening  copula,  DiSij  n"'nin'^r}rb|)  all  her  jp^ths  (are) 
peace^  f  ?r!  ^"it:  the  tree  (was)  (^ood. 

Or  the  verb  T^^r^  to  be,  or  the  pronoun  &5*n  of  the  third 
person,  may  be  used  as  a  copula,  ^nH  f">n^n  T'^^0  ^>^<^  earth 
was  desolate,  tT\ti  N^h  '^i'^'n'^n  "ihsn  the  fourth  river  is  Euphrates, 


§  55.  The  Article. 

The  article  is  used  in  Hebrew  as  in  English  to  distinguish 
an  object  as  one  which  has  been  mentioned  before,  as  well 
known,  as  the  only  one  of  its  class,  or  as  distinguished  above 
others  of  like  kind. 

It  is  also  prefixed  to  nouns  employed  in  a  generic  or  uni- 
versal sense,  SJHjO  ^old,  •"'^^OO  'f^isdom.  So  in  comparisons, 
ife?  as  a  (lit.  the)  nest,  Isa.  10  :  14. 

It  is  likewise  found  in  some  cases  where  the  English  idiom 
requires  a  word  still  more  specific,  as  a  possessive  pronoun : 
she  tooh  ?1"'^?0  the  veil.  Gen.  24  :  65,  i.  e.  the  one  which  she 
had,  her  veil ;  or  a  demonstrative,  as  before  words  denoting 
time,  Di'^n  to-day,  niisn  this  year  ;  or  the  sign  of  the  voca- 
tive, ^bisn  0  Jciny  ! 

^56.  Nouns  definite  loithout  the  Article. 
The  following  are  definite  without  the  article : 


^  57-59.  ADJECTIVES.  33 

1.  Proper  nouns,  which  only  receive  it  if  they  were  ori- 
ginally appellatives. 

2.  Nouns  with  pronominal  suffixes. 

3.  Nouns  in  the  construct  state  before  a  definite  noun. 
The  article  is  often  omitted  in  poetry  where  it  would  be 

required  in  prose. 

§  57.  Adjectives. 

Both  qualifying  and  predicate  adjectives  agree  in  gender 
and  number  with  the  nouns  to  which  they  belong. 

Qualifying  adjectives  usually  stand  after  the  noun  and 
agree  with  it  likewise  in  definiteness,  that  is  to  say,  if  the 
noun  is  made  definite  whether  by  the  article  or  in  any  of  the 
ways  specified  in  the  preceding  section,  they  receive  the  arti- 
cle, ciri  13  a  wise  son,  MniCDn  ynsn  tJie  good  land. 

Predicate  adjectives  commonly  stand  before  the  noun, 
and  do  not  take  the  article,  even  though  the  noun  is  definite, 
nn'in  nib  the  word  is  good. 

§  58.  Demonstrative  Pronotms. 

Demonstrative  pronouns  follow  the  same  rule  of  position 
and  agreement,  only  the  nouns  which  they  qualify  are  inva- 
riably definite,  n|fen  D'^ni'in  these  things,  D'^'Hn^n  r.|«  these 
are  the  things. 

If  both  an  adjective  and  a  demonstrative  qualify  the  same 
noun,  the  demonstrative  is  placed  last,  fibrin  raian  f  nsn  this 
good  land, 

§  59.  Comparison  of  Adjectives. 

Comparison  is  expressed  by  means  of  the  preposition  "jia 

from,  placed  after  the  adjective  or  other  word  expressive  of 

quality,  n^b^SSti  niasn  niiu  wisdom  is  letter  than  rubies,,  ht. 

is  good  from  rubies ;  ^i^ri  W^i?  I  will  he  qr eater  than  thou, 
2*  '  ■ 


34  SYNTAX.  H  60, 61. 

The  superlative  degree  may  be  expressed, 

1.  By  adding  bb  all  to  the  comparative  particle  TQ, 
D'ljp-^sa-bjia  bi^J  greatest  of  all  the  sons  of  the  east,  lit.  great 
from  all,  etc. 

2.  By  an  emphatic  use  of  the  positive,  so  as  to  imply  the 
possession  of  the  attribute  in  an  eminent  degree,  u^^tpi  nsfejn 
0  fairest  among  women,  lit.  the  fair  one,  etc. 

§  60.  Numerals. 

The  cardinal  ^HiJ  one  and  the  ordinal  numbers  are  treated 
like  other  adjectives,  and  follow  the  rules  of  position  and 
agreement  already  given. 

The  other  cardinals  may  stand, 

1.  In  the  absolute  state  before  the  noun  to  which  they 
belong. 

2.  Before  it  in  tbe  construct  state  (if  they  have  such  a 
form). 

3.  After  it  in  the  absolute  state. 

Nouns  accompanied  by  the  cardinals  from  2  to  10  are 
almost  invariably  plural,  while  those  which  are  preceded  by 
the  tens  (20-90)  or  numbers  compounded  with  them  (21,  etc.) 
are  commonly  put  in  the  singular,  D^iiD  S^nfe'j  nj©  "^y^^^ 
twenty  years  and  seven  years. 

The  cardinals  above  one  may  receive  the  article  when  the 
noun  is  not  expressed,  but  not  when  joined  to  a  definite  noun, 
D'^^l'^^n  the  forty,  oi'^n  D^in-ii?  the  forty  days, 

§  61.  Apposition. 

One  noun  may  be  in  apposition  with  another,  not  only 
when  both  denote  the  same  person  or  thing,  but  also  when 
the  second  specifies  the  first  by  stating  the  material  of  which 
it  consists,  its  quaUty,  character,  or  the  like,  riT»n|n  "ij^^n  the 
oxen  the  brass,  i.  e.  the  brazen  oxen;  ni3]b  O'lfi^D  tjb©  three 
vieasures  (consisting  of)  7neaL 


^  62,  63.  THE    CONSTRUCT    STATE.  35 

§  62.  T/ie  Construct  State, 

When  one  noun  is  limited  in  its  meaning  by  another,  the 
first  is  put  in  the  construct  state.  The  relation  thus  ex- 
pressed corresponds  for  the  most  part  to  the  genitive  case,  or 
to  that  denoted  in  English  by  the  preposition  of. 

When  the  relation  between  two  nouns  is  expressed  by  a 
preposition,  the  first  commonly  remains  in  the  absolute  state ; 
it  may,  however,  especially  in  poetry,  be  put  in  the  construct, 
^idbiin  '^nn  mountains  in  Gilboa. 

Nouns  are  sometimes  in  the  construct  before  a  succeeding 
clause  with  which  they  are  closely  connected ;  thus,  before  a 
relative  clause,  ^%^_  Dijpia  the  place  where y  etc.,  particularly 
when  the  relative  is  itself  omitted,  nbM-i;)n  bi/  the  hand  of 
(him  whom)  thou  loilt  send;  and  even  before  the  copulative, 
t^TT)  frbpn  wisdom  and  knowledge. 

An  adjective,  participle,  or  demonstrative,  qualifying  a 
noun  in  the  construct  state,  cannot  follow  it  immediately,  but 
must  be  placed  after  the  governed  noun,  ^i'ljn  nih^  •"»'j^?'a  the 
great  loork  of  Jehovah. 

An  article  or  suffix  belonging  to  a  noun  in  the  construct 
must  be  attached,  not  to  it,  but  to  the  governed  noun, 
^Tnr?  'V^^'^'k  the  mighty  men  of  valour y  iiJ^T  '^^■'b^  his  idols  of 
gold. 

The  preposition  \  to^  belonging  to,  with  or  wdthout  a  pre- 
ceding relative  pronoun,  may  be  substituted  for  the  construct 
relation  in  its  possessive  sense,  2?t5"'b»b  n;'in  the  house  of 
Misha,  n'^iijb  "ifcx  "ji^kn  her  father  s  sheep. 


^63.  Tenses  of  Verbs. 

The  Hebrew  has  distinct  forms  of  the  verb  corresponding 
to  the  two  grand  divisions  of  time,  the  past  and  the  future ; 
but  all  subordinate  modifications  or  shades  of  meaning  are 
either  suggested  by  accompanying  particles,  or  left  to  be  in- 


36  SYNTAX.  H64,  65. 

ferred  from  the  connection.  Whatever  is  or  is  conceived  of 
as  past,  is  put  in  the  preterite ;  the  future  is  used  for  all  that 
is  or  is  conceived  of  as  future. 


^64.  The  Preterite. 

The  preterite  may  accordingly  be  employed  to  denote, 

1.  The  past,  whether  it  be, 

a.  Absolute,  i.  e.  the  historical  imperfect,  God  ^y^ 
created. 

h.  Relative  to  the  present,  i.  e.  the  perfect,  what  is  this 
that  tr^V^^  thou  hast  done  ? 

c.  Relative  to  another  past,  i.  e.  the  pluperfect,  God 
ended  his  work  which  nfe  he  had  made. 

d.  Relative  to  a  future,  i.  e.  the  future  perfect,  he  shall 
he  called  holy,  when  the  Lord  f  n^  shall  have  icashed,  etc. 

e.  Conditional,  except  the  Lord  had  left  a  remnant,  ^-'^'in 
we  should  have  been  as  Sodom. 

f.  Optative,  ^5rib"^b  0  that  we  had  died. 

g.  Subjunctive,  Dn^'^!'  "p^h,  in  order  that  ye  miyhtfear. 

2.  The  present,  regarded  as  a  continuation  of  the  past, 
^Tpyt  I  am  thirsty,  prop.  /  have  been  and  still  am  thirsty. 

3.  General  truths,  embodying  the  experience  of  the  past, 
an  000  5?i;'  knoweth  his  owner,  oxen  always  have  done  so,  and 
always  will. 

4.  The  future,  when  described  by  the  prophets  as  though 
it  had  already  taken  place,  Babylon  npss  has  fallen. 


^65.  The  Future. 

The  future  tense  is  used  in  speaking  of, 
1.  The  future,  whether  it  be, 

a.  Absolute,  ™?^.  /  will  make. 

b.  Relative  to  a  past,  LJlisha  was  fallen  sick  of  his  sick- 
ness, lohereof  n^is;  he  teas  to  die. 


§  QQ'  THE    SECONDARY    TENSES.  37 

c.  Conditional,  dui  (if  it  were  mj  case)  TDS755  J  would 
seek  unto  God, 

d.  Optative,  expressing  desire,  determination,  permission, 
or  command,  so  ^13X';>  mai/  all  thine  enemies  perish  ;  all  that 
thou  commandest  us,  np?:  we  will  do ;  of  the  fruit  bii^:  we 
may  eat;  mine  ordinances  rrqi:iV\  ye  shall  keep. 

e.  Subjunctive,  ilDinn  li^bb  in  order  that  my  soul  may 
bless  thee. 

2.  The  present,  when  it  is  conceived  of  as  extending  into 
the  future,  why  ''Snn  ^veepest  thou  ?  Ht.  why  wilt  thou  go  on 
to  loeep  ? 

3.  General  truths,  which  are  valid  for  all  time  to  come, 
righteousness  Dii-ir.  exalteth  a  nation,  it  does  so  now  and 
always  will. 

4.  Habitual  acts  or  states  continuing  for  an  indefinite 
period  from  the  time  spoken  of,  thus  Job  nfo;^  did  continu- 
ally, not  only  that  once,  but  thenceforward. 

5.  The  past,  in  animated  description,  as  we  use  the 
present,  then  "i^fc;  sings  Moses. 

The  future  is  idiomatically  used  with  Drj  and  Dnba  not 
yet,  before,  whether  the  period  referred  to  is  past  or  future. 

The  apocopated  and  paragogic  forms  of  the  future  mostly 
have  a  conditional,  optative,  or  subjunctive  sense. 

The  negative  imperative  is  made  by  prefixing  \^_  not,  to 
the  apocopated  future,  ^2?nn-bi?  harm  not. 

S  ^^^  The  Secondary  Tenses. 

When  a  future  with  Vav  Conversive  is  preceded  by  a  pre- 
terite, or  by  any  expression  referring  to  past  tiuie,  it  becomes 
a  secondary  preterite.  And  a  preterite  with  Vav  Conversive 
preceded  by  a  future,  an  imperative,  or  any  expression  indi- 
cating future  time,  becomes  a  secondary  future. 

A  narrative  or  a  paragraph,  which  begins  with  one  of  the 
primaiy  tenses,  is  mostly  continued  by  means  of  the  corre- 


38  SYNTAX.  ^§67,68. 

spending  secondary  tense,  provided  the  verb  stands  at  the 
beginning  of  its  clause.  If  for  any  reason  this  order  of  the 
words  is  interrupted  or  prevented,  the  primary  tense  must 
again  be  used. 


§  67.  Particij)les. 

1.  Participles  may  express  what  is  permanent  or  habitual, 
(the  Lord)  nn'^  loveth  righteousness.  Passive  participles,  so 
used,  suggest  not  only  a  constant  experience,  but  a  fixed 
quality,  as  the  ground  of  it,  sniD  not  oxAy  feared,  but  worthy 
to  he  feared, 

2.  Active  participles  most  commonly  relate  to  the  pres- 
ent or  to  the  proximate  future,  and  passive  participles  to  the 

past. 

3.  In  narratives  and  predictions  the  time  of  the  partici- 
ples is  reckoned,  not  from  the  moment  of  speaking,  but  from 
the  period  spoken  of,  the  tioo  angels  came,  and  Lot  ^it  was 
sitting  in  the  gate  of  Sodom, 

§  68.  The  Infinitive. 

The  absolute  infinitive  may  be  used  for, 

1.  The  preterite  or  the  future,  when  one  of  those  tenses 
immediately  precedes. 

2.  The  imperative,  when  it  stands  at  the  beginning  of  a 
sentence. 

The  infinitive,  which  is  a  verbal  noun,  may  be  put  in  the 
construct  state  before  a  following  noun,  whether  this  be  its 
subject  or  its  object.  The  construct  state  is  also  used  after 
nouns  or  prepositions,  and  sometimes  after  verbs. 

When  one  verb  is  dependent  upon  another,  it  is  some- 
times put,  not  in  the  infinitive,  but  in  the  same  tense  with 
the  governing  verb,  tj^n  b^j^in  he  was  loilling,  he  walked,  for 
he  toas  willing  to  loalk^  or  voalked  wiUinglg. 


§^  G9-71.  OBJECT    OF    VERBS  39 

§  69.   Object  of  Verbs, 

The  object  of  a  transitive  verb,  if  a  definite  noun,  or  a 
pronoun,  may  be  preceded  by  the  particle  tix. 

The  subject  of  passive  verbs,  which  is  really  the  object 
of  their  action,  and  nouns  placed  absolutely,  occasionally  re- 
ceive ^s?. 

Some  verbs,  not  properly  transitive,  are  capable  of  a 
transitive  construction ;  thus, 

1.  Verbs  signifying  plenty  and  want,  or  motion,  tlie  house 
n^pxn  ^rti  was  fall  of  men,  "T^^n-n«  ^S2;  they  went  out  (of) 
the  city. 

2.  Any  verb  may  govern  its  cognate  noun,  or  a  noun 
which  defines  the  extent  of  its  application,  "Ti^jnTiij  T\i'n  he 
was  diseased  in  his  feet. 

The  verb  usually  stands  first,  its  subject  next,  and  its 
object  last,  unless  the  emphasis  requires  a  different  order. 

^70.   Verbs  with  more  than  one  Object. 

Some  verbs  have  more  than  one  object,  viz. : 

1.  The  causatives  of  transitive  verbs. 

2.  Verbs  whose  action  may  be  regarded  under  different 
aspects  as  terminating  upon  different  objects. 

3.  The  instrument  of  an  action,  the  material  used  in  its 
performance,  its  design,  or  its  result,  may  be  its  secondary  or 
remote  object,  "jnx  ini^  ^^5n^l  and  they  overwhelmed  him  with 
stones,  *i??  D'lxn'ns  ^T^\^  and  he  formed  the  man  of  dust. 

If  an  active  verb  is  capable  of  governing  a  double  object, 
its  passive  may  govern  the  more  remote  of  them. 

§  71.  Adverbial  Expressions. 

Adverbs  commonly  stand  after  the  words  to  which  they 
belong. 


40  SYNTAX.  §§72,73. 

Nouns  may  be  placed  absolutely  to  express  the  relations 
of  time,  place,  measure,  number,  or  manner. 


§72.  Neglect  of  Agreement, 

1.  When  a  predicate  adjective  or  verb  precedes  its  noun, 
it  often  prefers  a  primary  to  a  secondary  form,  that  is  to  say, 
the  masculine  may  be  used  instead  of  the  feminine,  and  the 
singular  instead  of  the  plural. 

2.  Collective  nouns  may  have  verbs,  adjectives,  and  pro- 
nouns agreeing  with  them  in  the  plural. 

3.  Nouns  plural  in  form,  but  singular  in  signification, 
commonly  have  verbs,  adjectives,  and  pronouns  agreeing  with 
them  in  the  singular. 

4.  Plural  names  of  inanimate  or  irrational  objects  of 
either  gender  are  occasionally  joined  with  the  feminine 
singular. 

5.  The  masculine  is  sometimes  used,  when  females  are 
spoken  of,  from  a  neglect  to  note  the  gender,  if  no  stress  is 
laid  upon  it. 

6.  Singular  predicates  and  pronouns  are  sometimes  em- 
ployed in  a  distributive  sense  of  plural  subjects. 

7.  Nouns  in  the  dual  have  verbs,  adjectives,  and  pro- 
nouns agreeing  with  them  in  the  plural. 


n 


§  73.   Compound  Subject. 

When  the  subject  consists  of  two  or  more  words  con- 
nected by  the  conjunction  and,  the  predicate,  if  it  precedes 
its  subject,  may  be  put  in  the  masculme  singular  as  its 
primary  form,  or  it  may  be  put  in  the  plural,  referring  to 
them  all,  or  it  may  agree  with  the  nearest  word. 

If  the  predicate  follows  a  compound  subject,  it  is  com- 
monly put  in  the  plural,  though  it  may  agree  with  the  prin- 
cipal word  to  which  the  others  are  subordinate. 


;4  74-76.  REPETITION    OF    WORDS.  41 

If  a  predicate  refers  equally  to  two  words  of  different 
j.'enders,  it  will  be  put  in  the  masculine  in  preference  to  the 
;  3minine ;  if  they  are  of  different  persons,  the  predicate  wdll 
;  e  put  m  the  second  in  preference  to  the  third,  and  in  the 
first  in  preference  to  either  of  the  others. 


§  74.  Hepetition  of  Words, 

Repetition  may  denote  distribution,  njin  •^?«?  ycciT  hy 
year,  plurality,  ^T\""i'i  generation  and  generation,  i.  e.  many 
venerations y  or  emphasis  and  intensity,  P&  P^?  exceeding 
■Jeej). 

In  verbs  the  absolute  infinitive  is  joined  with  the  finite 
iorms  for  the  sake  of  emphasis  or  intensity,  frnion  tthi  thou 
•halt  surely  die, 

§  75.  Relative  Pronoun. 

When  the  relative  ^fciiJ  is  governed  by  a  verb,  noun,  or 
preposition,  this  is  shown  by  appending  the  appropriate  pro- 
iiominal  suffix  to  the  governing  word,  thou  ^"•ri'^H^  ^^^,  2vhom 
J  have  chosen,  i^7?  "115^  whose  seed. 

When  the  relative  is  preceded  by  Tk  the  sign  of  the 
definite  object,  or  by  a  preposition,  these  pertain  not  to  the 
relative,  but  to  its  antecedent,  which  is  to  be  supplied. 

The  relative  is  frequently  omitted,  not  only,  as  in  English, 
kvhen  it  is  the  object  of  its  clause,  but  also  when  it  is  tlie 
subject,  and  he  forsook  God '^Tvp^  (who)  made  him. 

The  demonstrative  ^T  or  ^T  is  frequently  used  in  poetry 
with  the  force  of  a  relative,  in  which  case  it  suffers  no  change 
for  gender  or  number. 


4,2 


SYNTAX. 


^  76. 


§76.  CoTi junctions. 

The  simple  copulative  !i  is  used  in  Hebrew,  where  our 
idiom  requires  different  conjunctions ;  the  relation  between 
clauses  so  connected  must  often  be  inferred  from  their 
signification.     Vav  also  serves, 

1.  To  introduce  the  apodosis  or  second  member  of  a  con- 
ditional sentence,  if  God  will  he  with  me  and  keep  me  Si^nn 
then  shall  Jehovah  he  my  God, 

2.  To  connect  a  statement  of  time  or  a  noun  placed 
absolutely  with  the  clause  to  which  it  relates,  on  the  third 
day  Dnnni5  xpt«l  Ahraham  lifted  up  his  eyes. 


'%M- 


EXERCISES  IN  READING. 


1.    Pronouns. 


'  §  54.       ^  Dia  with  suffix.       ^  prep.   D5  with   suf.        *  '2  with  suf.       ^  §  52. 

•  2  masc.  sing.  Kal  pret.  of  nar.      ■"  2  m.  s.  Hi.  pret.  of  n.^3 .       »  ni'X  with  suf. 

•  §§  50,  52.     *"  §  18.     "  plur.  of  SX  with  suf. 

2.  Perfect  Verbs,  Kal. 

•^niTa©  :bsni!?:«  "^sn^  tfina  piri  riin;'  '^^s:  :niairri  '^:j^nt0n2 
nnlat?:^  K'b  nb^^bn  ni;"  JttJ'^j??"  ni"|  ^Jan'-bs  tnin;'  "^di^^ 
:in  ^bc)a  n*^©?^  JJ^^??  p^??^  '^5^^  ^^?T?r)  ^"^r"*^  ^"^S^ 
tHDsbrin  narn  nrib  tna^n-nij  orj^^i?  :^t?S3  -i5:^b  njjn'i 
D-'yntD  ^  DDS  btnan^  Dsb  ni^-n^  tr"?^?  Qt'Wn-cii^i  Dn-^^5^ 
:nn«   ©-^x  DDa  bo^-ai<  byi-f   ''23  bb  c^^^ 

»  §56.      »  §5Y.       '  §§50,  56.       *  §8.       ^  §  18.       «  §  50.       '  §53.       «  He 
interrogative  §  52,  inf.  in  the  construct  before  its  subject  §  68.       "  §  60. 

3.  The  Eemaining  Species. 

-1?  njts':'    :r:P3n-ns  f7r|^.~nx  ncabn    jo^j?^  ™"^?)  1?^!^. 


I 


44  EXERCISES    IN    READING. 


Dnpian  D2ni5  •^p.d^tzj    j  nDN^br)n"n«  ^rnntrn    JDD'r^p^a^  nin-i  •'Dx 

VT  -  :  IT  -  :  IT  '    •   :  av      ••       l    -:i-  •    tt  «  -:  F     •/   r   t  v    -        ' 

«•   :     •  V  V  \    :  •     ••  I"   T     •  IV    ••  -:  •  :  /-  t  v  -;  »   :  i-    :    - 

r."  -  V    :  »-    :    !•  it  »    .-  :  «•  »    <"  *•  t    :  •         j-  ; 

^  For  ^!]i^^  vowel  shortened  on  account  of  the  removal  of  the  accent,  §  9.      ^  for 
'^rjins.     ^  fern.  Pual  participle  §44.     *  Kal  act.  participle  of  xia. 


4.  With  Vav  Conversive,  Suffixes,  etc. 

rDnra?^n  wnpnb  fn-^  bnan^    j^^-^a  nirri  nnac'i  n-n  oi^n 

IT  r  I  »•»:-:         »       -:  I-  r-  r  •  -  i-  t    :  w       :         ,':■.-:  j  :■    -  t    - 

'^5"ign:3   Kin;'  ^?^"^?    ^^7,;'?^    J  ^"iif^n'bx  ^77  P?"J?]^    :nbi:?"jy 
DD^rn  ^,n^a«m^  jnbKn  ^l■'c:^?n  nirbiij^  ^-i:ntc^i^  :nn^rrb  ddi 

•.■••:  <•     :    •  :  v  i"   t  r  t    -:  it  •■•  i     :  »    :     :   •  -  r.-    :  v.-  t 

rpm^  tjabb  *ir\n^  bbsib  onb  •'b-inDi   -rbin  ^DbK  rni'i^  ri-tn  ^^^3 
"i&5)2  7i5^2  ^ai^i^  ^irnt^'^i  iins^  b.s'ii»'^  "irn^    in'^n'bN^b  ^b  nin-> 

A     :  J     :    •  V    :  •  -  »    :     :  •  -  »   r  ■•  t     ;  •  j-   :  c  i~  «  >T       : 

i^m^  r\y2t^   :n;Tn  DipB3  nDn^  5^,5?^^    •'^r^^  H^O  ^)^^^ 

V     :  •  «        T    •  '  :    t     :  •  t       :  '••:-;  '    t   •  -it  ••    • 

'  In  this  and  the  following  exercises,  the  preterite  with  Vav  Conversive  should 
be  translated  as  though  it  were  preceded  by  a  future ;  and  the  future  with  Vav  Con- 
versive as  though  it  were  preceded  by  a  preterite,  §  66.  '^  §  60.  ^  §  72.  3,  Kal 
fut.  3  m.  s.  of  n'jn.  *  apodosis,  §  76.  1.  ^  Kal  pret.  3  pi.  of  H'nSS.  «  Kal  fut. 
3  m.  pi.  of  ni'n .  '  direct  object  after  verb  of  plenty,  §  69.  *  §  26.  3,  Katneta- 
Hhatuph  on  account  of  the  rejected  Ilholem,  §  9.      '  pausal  form  for  ?]'a2> . 


5.  Pe  Guttural  Verbs. 

J  ^n^'ins?  b5bi  nin'^-n^  ^nti^'^i    :  nba  ^ib^j^i  ^^    :  i-ii:s?  '^ujis  trbn^n 

IT-:  /  :  it       :  v  /  :   -i--  rr  r  «■  •    -ri-         /•  i  •«  '  f    -.\ : 

•yv  T          i    -:  I-            T        ;             v              j  -:  |-              v     ••     r*    :             -                •   :                '    v     •  :          '      r    r  v  :    -    i — 

IV    -:            T    -    I-       »      ••                V    .•    v:iv   I-               T    -    1-       !     «-                   •    •     -  :            F       1         -:    I-              ,.  v             v     - 

I      /   T                « T    -              T   :   7-           -                  r:   :    :•            '   -.1-             \.  ■.  :   -    1-           •                    v  it  -       /  :          1 

iTjin-p  05  TT2a-D5  nnx-D5  ^.:ii-bifi3  Si5-ito^-ir*'»^  ^^"ci^'^i  tnim 

'av   :      F  V          J-       , ' :    •          -              t    -         -               r           »     :             ••  r     :  •                •               ■«    ;       1  -  rr       1 


EXERCISES    IN    READING.  45 

•  nijn— i:?  nnb  bD^-'-ics:  ©''xn  n^n^  jdds 

*  §  25.     '  The  preposition  is  idiomatically  repeated  in  Hebrew.     '  fern.  part.  §  44. 
*  §  50.     *  for  njxnp  2  f.  pL  imp.  Kal  of  K^j? .     '  used  in  a  collective  sense,  §  72.  2. 


6.  Ayin  Guttural  Verbs. 

•."•CDS  nnr.ii©^  ni^  Ti^i^^    :n)3nsn  -^ds  byis  Di'^n^  •'ni^  ncn^ 

,.    .  ■  „..,,....  ,-  •         T    T  IT  T  -:  IT       i-   :  V-  "  T     . 

nin:"  iTjD-in:'  nnb  niiax^  b^nffii;'  "S^-njj  wnr\  twia^rb?  ^^775^ 
jD:»i2B'a  ^©"1?"^?     :'^?5<  ^piJ-D^    '^pD^a   l-^n^^b'   nrs^ji    •^1^"'??'? 

i    bb"  T|r-iT3    HDnarini    bsn  ri^xn-bi  rs?  Ti^nrb  '^nn:^^  n^^'^^n 

»  T  as  before  '^3*ix'§22.  3.         '  apocopated  fut.  Kal  of  n-n  §39.       ^  §55. 
*  §  38.       •*  abbreviated   relative.      ®  to  say,  i.  e.  sai/ing.      '  §  50.      *  §  17.      ®  for 

•»n5n3i . 

• :  -ITS 

7.  Lamedh  Guttural  Verbs. 

3?^Tn  xb  ri2-ix  :'^2nny*ii  '^sa-n^^  nbt?   jbskb  onbi  5>n'7b  i'^r  mi 

■^  v*T    •  /  7T  :    -  •  I"  :   -I-:  «   :  v  <-    -  i-       it  v  iv  :       -  ••     -  -  •.•      ;  -.t  : 

•ipib  :  bSp  ria  3?'a^-'-i<b  :  i2tnx73  bs-iic''-»2a-n«  nb^  :  n^sn  x'bn 

fv       -  >i  (T  /-   T  •  ,  I    :    -  I"  «•  t     :  •       I"  :  •••  /-    •  -   ■•    :    -  /  -. 

.^i^i'^'i    DnTy-ni?  h^^n^    nps'^i  '^xn'^i    nbx"''5''3?-n^  nps  rfin^ 
nDTsm    tDDn55  s^'^^tzjs^    •bxiiu'i  ^sa-bx  Tinix  ^3^5  nbiuj   n^i^-p 

JT    T   -  r.-    :    V        -       «     :    -         '        i-  t     :   •         /••   :  v        ,'    :       i  r   -.         -i-  t    t      J  •.• 

n*b©*  ii'bn  t:5?nTn  b^b  nniu  nin^b^  na©  fiicb  n^n^^  f^^i^  ni^-'msn 

t  -:  rr:    •  #       ,!   :    it         /a  r-  »t    -      I    v    r  t  jv    :  i-  t    -  •       •    :    - 

ibipn  yi-osi  nrj-ns    t'lbsc  n^bn-i^b  niab  ^ib-^^ipb  ^ibji  -innbu? 

Jj    :  T  •  :  J  •  IT  ••        t   :  «-   t  I  T  «•        '  t  T:   •  I     v    ••  •     : «-    r 

j:?^TrD  'i^bi^  !nnk  n-inb®  ^2n2&5  nirs^  ^2^nbx  nin^ 

IT    :  •  IT  ••      » '    :     I  i-  :     I  :    -   -:  v   -:  ••        v:       J  t        ; 

*  apoc.  Hi.  fot.  of  nii3 .    '  Kal  fut.  of  rrjn .    3  g  22.  3.    *%  74.    '  ^•'}i<  . . .  -iL;!* 
unlo  whom^  §  75. 


46  EXERCISES    IN    READING. 


8.  Pe  Nun  Verbs. 


:nbDi5b  cnbi  ?;b  rr^ni  b5x'i  "ic&5  bDSis-bsi:   tib"np  r.nsi     :nt 

IT  :    T  :  «v  T  :       » '  :  rr  t  :  ••    n-  jv  -:  t    -:  i-        t    •  '  :  J-  vt  -  :  it 

V  •  -    •..  ••    \  '  r.-    :  IT  T  I  •    -  'it  /-t      \    '   :  it    •  -        j'     :     • 

5?''5^  iiTi^ii  :  p:^  r-ix-ni5  ODb  nnb  D'^ns-a  -rnx^  DDni^  '^nxsin^ 

-    i*    -  J  :  1  -ir  :       1    :•  rs  v  iv  t  j~  t  •  at  :     •         I    •:  r;  ••  it    :    •.•  •       i~ 

:D^n'bxn  sb^^  S2^  ntiicb'^  ib-"i5;^T    jriDbsn    n:r)55i     :nti;^^TEn6 

«      IT  /  r  •    :  -  »J-  T       :  <t  -  t     r.-  t  v  •  -  v    v   -  v  P  •  - 

IT       -:  .•• 

^  §  55.     =  §  52.     3  §  Y4.     «  2  f.  s.  pret.  Kal  of  ^^5  .     Ms.  pret.  Hi.  of  X^^ . 
•  §  48.     '  to  say,  i.  e.  sayw?^.     «  3  m.  s.  pret.  Kal  of  .Sla .     "  §  59. 


9.  Ayin  Doubled  Verbs. 

t  '    jv  -:   I  -IT  IT  T  I  :  At  T  J-  :     •        '  V  r."  T  -  ■  i"  :    I   :  \     : 

1     •  IT     :  IT     -:  /-  •  T     IT  T  T    :  T    -    :  '         I      T  '      W    "t    IT      I    I 

ini5  nx^ii  ;  'n^^^'^  "isn  ^m^  trnh'a  ^-inn-mci^  r«  t^i''  ^2  y^^r\ 

V  IT  T  :  IT  V     T  /T  -:  I-       '  T         :  I  ••  T     :  V   -:  •"  •    ;    -  T         J-       I     -.•  at    T 

-ntD«  ni^^  i3  Ti^b^  "itcs^  oi^n  ninx    tnnia '^rsD  ^niacn    t-^m 

V   -:  »  A  •    :  V-  \  #v  -:  -  J   t  k  ••        v-  t  r        •    -:  i-  it  ^ 

^"Ti  nsn   :  nnb  bs^^-^^bi  vrss-nx  ae^i    :  iit\2  ^n-^^-bs^  ^12^5  ^znnb-^ 

J-  t  ••    •  V  IT         -  IT         I  :  »T  T  V  ,..  -  -  >      I   t  f  :  -  <    •         •    :  I-  r  : 

:ni'in-b3  d^'ed  "^a^so    :  bx^iin^-bs-ni^  n-^bic  rcnb  trfes? 

I      -  T  •      «-  -  •         ^     -  I"  T      :    •  T  V  '     IT    ••  ft:  '      T     • 

*  §  72.  6,  eacA  owe  is  cursed.  ^  §  26.  3.  ^  ora  §  12  for  'H^.X  shortened  by  Mak- 
keph,  §  20,  from  nr,i<  §  26.  3.  *  13  ...  "IITX  in  which,  §  T5.  ^  without  the  article, 
because  it  is  in  the  construct  before  the  following  relative  clause,  §  62.  ®  apoc.  fut. 
Kalof^^'^. 

I 

10.  Pe  Yodh  Verbs. 

?f*i'in-ni5  nnb  P2?"i^'ni     :Dbi";5--3)i  D3t:p'ab  -^nhi?  i>*'T^  ob^D  ''S 

'  V  IT   -  V  V  T        JT  :   -      I   :  IT         :  -  i  n  -  h,     •  :  <e  >    :  i"  -n  (■ 

nsbb  m*in  niatj-n^n''  nts^^  bx^    :nw  ^nb©  ^^  trb  :r:in*  ^Db'i 

vv  T       -     <    T  t    T  V    :  !•  V   -:  jv  it       :         ,'-:!-•         ;•        '  ••  rr  :/■• 

'lanbirs  niga  ^sS^'^'iin  :  Di;i  "ib))^ni3  rnn-js^b    j  nriDba  ^35:'  i^b  ^dJ.? 
n^bi^  ™i^;^i    :Dnb  n-^a    nj^ia  n:?    orj''^'^   njDbni    Jiap^b 

•••  :  I"  T     :  •  ••     I         »  rtt     •  V  'I-  ■•  V         »  -  iv.-   -  J-   t  «  :  I"    -: 


EXERCISES    IN    READING.  47 

I    nin;*  "^dn  ''5  n:?5b   DD^pn^    ''rs^   nixb    ^^••ni'   ^mj   ''C'^'^s© 

f  :  T  :  '     «  T  /-       v: 

^  Relative  omitted,  §  75.  '  governs  the  antecedent,  which  is  to  be  supplied,  §  75, 
to  the  place,  etc.  ^  ns^  . . .  idx  whither.  *  §  17.  *  §  72.  5.  "  Kal  inf.  of  Xi3  with 
prolonged  form  of  3  f.  pi.  suffix.  '  3  pi.  Kal  pret.  of  n^n ,  §  76.  1.  «  §  53,  this 
preposition  is  idiomatically  repeated  in  Hebrew,  between  me  and  between  you  for 
between  me  and  you. 


11.     A  YIN  Vav  and  Ayin  Yodh  Verbs. 

•  J"     -:i-  AT  T    IT    T  it)"  :  /TT  -1  •/  Tf  •    -       l  '    -       l 

nb    :trnix  xn-^s  "^"liii^   .j^^^^    ^i-i^n  rnis!!  rnri^  :n-Tn  nipian 

'  •*•  IT        •  •       V  IT  :•  n  ~  tv   T   -  rf  -:  rr  -  K     t    - 

bsDb  nsTn  pi^n-bi^  ^:hi^  vc^hii  nin^  r.i2bi  o'^nxTa  n^^^i  ^^nii^ 

J  :   •  -       »    V  <T    T  •.•  T  •    ••  T        :  JT  T  :  '    -    ;     •       1     :•  j:-   %  •     - 

-«•-  i~T  T/T  \.     -  rr  T    rt         T  '     n  "  »tt  7t:  j-t  i- 

*^       rr  T  I"  :  '-  :  r*  it   -    —  /  v  tt       :        » j-  ••        F  ••         -         a*      •     :    -  j   — 

-b3  oa  v:^  r\w)m  b^^w  rro'^i  ^   ;  nizv  niia »  miijn  oi^n  roicb^a 

I    -  /  -  ITT   -: 

» two  by  two,  §  74.     «  2  f.  s.  imp.  Kal.     '  §  64.  1/.     <  §  26.  2.     ^  for  n;  n  §  30. 1. 
•  §  56.  3.     7  Kal  act.  part,  of  nps .     «  §  74.     »  §  73.     '°  §  50. 


12.     Lamedh  Aleph  and  Lamedh  He  Verbs. 

T^;',ii2  iDbsj  n^s-n^j  niiri^b  niacb  '^'^n'bs  nin:»  bip3  ^^-bcn  yi-atD 
jn^-i;'  vh  ''3S    tc'iic  "^ra-bs  '^bipi  i^np^^  u^w-^at    SD-^bj?    toi'^n 

"■    •  '  "    ■  IT    T  f      i  V  C      '      !  AT';      V  C         "  /T      •*     ":  I      — 

inb5  ''n'^a-inn  inb^  '^ri"'^£ni  ini^  ''r??;]^  i  r^^'n    :  obi;?  ^•a'l!)  n^TT'pn^ 

^Dn5«j  nn-i^ss  -i©i5s  npian  iuyxi  itj^'^s  D^nirbsn-nx  ini?  thr'^s 
S^i^nn  :  ^ns;"  w;i  nir|::i  ^nicij  i^^ni  D;n  ib  :  nto-r.^  :?n3  i^b 
niipyb  bD^i     :''b-"'b2?n  bxTaffi-ns  n^i^h   ^b-nbyj^   ^^-nx  r.^xn 

»     •"  /-  :  -  !•  •   -:   I-  <•  :  V  V  -  f^x  V  -:  i-  «  v  t    •    rT 


4S  EXERCISES    IN    READING. 


13.    The  Creation  and  Pall.    Genesis  1-3. 
CHAPTER  I.     i5 

»T  :      IT  J       V     T      T    :  f       V     IT     T  I"   \  •      V-     T      -  /-  K  •■•:  JT    F  «  ••       J 

n^i^^^  J  D'l^n  '':s-b5'  nsn'i'a  n-^h'^K  r^T\^  ninn  ^ss-b::?  ^rtfrn  ?inni  3 

:•      /  -  ■     IT   -      *"  :  -  V  IT  -    :  •       -r.        -     j  :  a    :      j~  :         -        '    v  v  :  t 

J-  :  -  -  A         •  I     r  V  •»■•.•:  ;  j-  -  i  •  :  i-  a  j"  :  <e       :■: 

S^-ip-ircnK  D''n'bi5  te^i  :  □''tib  d^^  ra  bi'riaia  '^n-'i  o^'tin  ^ins  5?'^pn  7 

-  r-   t    it  V  •        t:  -  j-  -  •    IT  T  •   V-     '     i~  •    :    -         J"     •  -at   -       '      j    :      -     Jc  r 

-  Jtf  T  it  J-   ••  v.-    -:  .      -    -       »     j~  -     J  •  T  it  -  j-    •  V    -:  •--»«-  „   .  _  - 

;  ^2©  Qi'i  nph-^n^i  n^isj-^n'^i  D^tiiij  S'T^^.b  D*irTb«  fc^np^i  :  'I'D'^ri^']  s 

I-    ••  /         »v  V  •  :  I-  V  »T         •  :  I-  •  AT   T       -    »<  T  IT  *•       v:  »t»:  •  -  Ji-         •  :  r 

TV  U    r  V  •     -    T    -  -  »-     .  .      -    -  It  •  •         v:  v       j  - 

D"^t)n  mpxsb^  f-\k  nm'^b  1  n^n'bi^  ^5^p^'^  j  p-'^n-^i  nra^n  nxnni  •» 

•    T  ~         i~>:    •  :  }    :•   •:  t  t  -  -  <•       •::  t  1;  •  -  'i-         •  :  i-  at  r  -    -  it  t  i-  : 

rnxn  N*tnn    D'^n'b^*   ntst^n    :  nit^-^^s  D-^n'b^j   i^n'^i   d^i^*^   i?np  ii 

I    •.•   t    T  »-  :    I-  •  V      J  -  I         •  v       •.•:  :  /-  -  A-  -  JT  »t 

V  :  -  IV  -:  •  :  •    :  v  «  •  :         r   j"  -  v         -     j*  :    -  v  •••«  v  v 

V  IV  •  :  ,-  I         •  «       •••:  :  r-  -  a-       •  :  ».  :  -  rr  -:        *•  :  v  ,        f   *•  : 

D'113'^bi  n-ii:^ii2bi  nhb^b  ^^ni  nb^bn  ra^  nirn  r^  b^'^nnb  D^'r'isn 

<t:  '-tj:  :  «t:  t:at-'j-  V.-»j-  •:-:  --t- 

:  ^■■^n^ii  p§n-b:?  '^''^O^  O'l'^airn  ^^jsn^  rihi^^'ab  ^^^rn  :  d^tci  -Jia 
nVjTp^b  bnjn  niN^isn-ns;  d^b^^n  r,hki2n  ^;tj-ri$  D'^Hb^i  ir:?^^;]  ig 
•jn^^    tO'^nDisn  n^^i   nb'^Jn    nbra'ab   ibpn    mVi^rrni^n  oi^n  i7 

),.,._  ,.  T     I    -  V  :  t  :  -    -  V  jv   :    V  :          »      Jr   -  .     t    -  v  : 

nbijn'i  ni^a  brabn  :  p^rrb^?  n'^isnb  o'^'Q^^n  2?'^p*nn  Q-^n'b^  cr^^  is 

T  :  -    -  J  -  :  ■   :  r    v   it   t         -  V   t  :  •   at    t    -       -    (j-  :    •  «       v:  »t 

V  r?         •  :  I-  I  •  V        •■■:  :  I-  -         '    v    A    -         »    j"  v    t  I    r'  •    :    -  :  i 

rnis  u^kn  ^lan©-'  n-^h'b^  nr^'^i        &        p^^'^n^  t:i'»  nph-^n'^i  a 

J    V   v.-  .     -   -  J  ;     :  •  •        V!  V      J  -  !•       •  :  <  *'.•  V  •  :  I- 

sin^^i    :  ctsii^n  57''pn  ''^B-b^?    7nfe:n-b5>    tiBii?^   5i2>i   n^n    ifs:  21 

JT  :  •  -  •    IT   r    -         ~    Ir   :  v  :         -  I    v   t    t         -  Ij-         :  I         :  at   -  •••jv 

I  •  v        v:  :i--  ..        .  ;  It  r  I     <  r  ••  :  v      |.  :  .     -    -  •     it 

• .     -    -  V  <  :    •  :  J   :  a       ••  «       v:  »t  '  v  »t  ;  -    ^^  "* 

\-',::^ '::  v.  i. 


EXERCISES    IN    READING.  49 

01         .  ... 

24  ■•■       ■•"  r        •    -:  /  »•.•   V  •  :  I-  v «  •  :  i-  f    v    it  t  :■  r        I     i    t  ; 

rii^-in^ni    to^sni   n^nn   rrriab   n^n  ire:    r"i&:n   fciiin   WTiba^ 

T    "    :    -  •.   :  T       •   :         I    v    t    t  -   -  •.•  v:  -jr-  )i-  •  :  r-  at       •   : 

26  n^^^T   :  nrj"^3  n''nbx  i5"^'>i  ^ro^tib  r.'a";^^^  irr^-l^s  n^5'^  nrrb 

V       J  -  ,  •  X       ■-  :•--  /r       •  1  «T  T    -:   IT  •.  rr        T  »- :  t       •  / 

T     :    •    -  F      •.•     IT     T  -  *-  IT  V    »T     T  T      :  I      T     '      T  T      :  t      ■•     ;     -  .       -      ,      - 

nn-::"i    -idt    ini^   i^na    n-'n'bii   Dbsa   itbi^a    c^j^n-rx  .  D^n'b« 

vf" :  rtr  A  jt  t  «        •-  v  rr  :  :    -    :  t    t    it  t  ^.        « 

28  ^n-n    ^iiD  d-in'bs^   Drib  ^^m^^   DTi'bx   Drb5   ^-rn-'i    t  Dri5   i;nn 

i/   :  /    :  •         •.•:  v  t  v  -  •         rr  r  '  v  jt  ;  -  it  »t  t 

IT  -         t    :  •     -    T    -  I     J   :  T    -      -:  -  ;    •  :  r  ai^    :   •  :        I    v   it  t  v  /  ;     • 

■  29  I  nii);-b5-ns5    nib   ^nnj   nsn  D'^nb^   ^"n^^^    :  H^^T-?   ^'*^^'"^sj 

-J-  I    r-         •    :  /  V    -;        I    7-  T         t  v  :         7     v    t    t  t  j-  :%        -  r    ":  - -.•        —  j" 

:  p-T.^n  nbDj^b  nizJ2?  pn^-b^-nx  r.^n  r£3  "in— iir^«  r-^.^krrb:;  tj-ai-i 

1 1-  •  :  r-         AT  :    t  :  :■  v      f    •.•rt        t  •.•  t    -  vjr  v   -:       I    v    r    t  -  j- 

•  :  I-  V  rt         •  :  r  AS  v         "    •  ;  t    t  j-.-  -:        t  v  •        •.•:  : .-  - 

CHAPTEE  11.     n 

rr  t  /v  -:  V    :        -    :         t    •  •       •     :    -  J  -  :  •  -  a»  r  j%   -:  «    :        -    : 

;     3  "b2^  tin-iD   in   -^3   ini5    C'lp-^n   ^i?-'niiJn   ni'^Tia^    n'Tfbi?    tinn'^i 

I  t    •  -    T  <  J-  A  IT  J-  :  -  •       •     :    -  J  r  •       v:  '  •.  .t  :  - 

•    jr    t    -  f  :        I  V  J-  I    -:i-  »        ■••:  rr  t  v  ":  :         -     ; 

rt  n-*©  .  bbi  :  D'l'Qth  r^i^  D^n'bx  nin-"  riis:?  Di"^2  D&$-iinn  p^r.i  -v 
^^b^r\  N'b  '"3  mas'i  nn-j  m*2?n  nt?3?-bD-i  v-ixn  n-'-n*'  c-it:  n'iirn 

•     :     •  •  AT   :   •  V  j:  it    t    -  :■  r'         t  :       I     v    t    r  jv    :  r  •.••.•«  v    t     - 

^  jv  ":i—  X'  :  IT  ▼    *:   rr  i   •:  i-         '  •     —  jt   ■*   ;  f     *.•    t    T  —  •         r:  *t        ; 

7  -ni5   D^nbx  Win''  n2'^?«-i    :  r»^nsn   ^!E-b5-r«   nptni   r^.xrn'a 

•        vt  T        :  •/       •  -  IT   r    -:  rr  r-  :  T  v  kr     ;     •  i  i    v  at   t      '    • 

8  ^ni?   D2?  Di2?^i   onp^   TO3  p   D-^n'bsc    nirTi   ^h^^   J  r.m  rt:b:/ 

n    :  :•  I    •/•  t  t   t    -r  jt      '    •  •         v.  «t        ;  __   -    1^7  -  'T  t  r.-  ":  it   '    .r 

:5?"n  nit3  in:?^n  rin  liin  r'na  a-^mn  rs^i   bDs^b  nit:i  ri^n-ab 

ITT  /  -r*-         '••;         't-  'j;  '-i-T  ^" :  at   *:   i~  :  -•  :  v.*  :     -  : 

.  njansb   n';ir\')    ^n^"}    c^^ri'i   i5n-n5Jj   n'ijpirnb    -j^iyT?    ^*2*-'^  *^.ri:i  ^ 

11  nb-»inn    v-rj^-bs    n^e    nnbn   i5^;n    iic'^5    '^^^*n    ts'A?    :  n'^'iT^^n 

T  •    -:     I-  f       •■    jv  T  -V  ..  _  J  '  A  •  IT     V     IT  <"  I-  T 

12  J  uT\m  psn  nb^sn  d»  nit:  sinn  r^&sn  nnr^   :  nn-n  mr—iir^ 

"I    -        I  :•  r: :  -    i    :    -  iT  A  <;    -        »     v   rr  t  »--|  nt    -  \t  .      • 

K-.^^T  'n  V.  4. 


50  EXERCISES    IN    HEADING. 

rt r    *■  .-•  :  ,  »     V  r:         T  r-  ••  -  j         '      A      •  <    ..    -  #tt    -  '"'14 

.'n-\tD  i?in  'i3>*>nnn  nn:m   -^w^  n>3np  ^bhn  K^n  .bp^n  '^it'^b^^n 
:  rrj-iTaicb-i  nnns^b  p2?-pn    ^nns^i    D"ii<n-n?«^   D^n'bii    r.in-'  n;?^i  .,cj 

jr^n  ni)3  ^3^p  ?ibD^  Dijs  "-^i  ^3'e^  bj^^n  i^b.  j^-^n  n-'u  n^fin 
^  "1T2?    ib-nT2J5?«    innb    oxsn    nvn ,  nits-s^b    D'^n'b^?    ri^'n'^   nrbi^n  is 

V  «•  /  v  v:  r.*  A  -  :  IT  T    IT  V    ••■:  •/  j  •        v:  jt       :  v  _     *  w 

HT  T    IT        $  T »:  •  •.•   -  :  A  '  ':  •  -  i    :  •  r   t  jr         v  ••  t  -  .    .    ,    _ 

Dirbi    nrnan-bDb    rnh'S}    nnsn    icnp'^i     :  i'c.w    K-.n    r.^n    ttS3  s  , 
.4^  nini  'bs'^i,  :  i^533  nTS?  ss-ja-i^b  ni^^bi  nit^n  n^^n  bbbn  n^tiEn  21 

V^         r       :  /  I  ■   •  :  V  «•  iT  T  I  T    T  :  av    t    -  j .  :  •     -    t    -     *  -^ 

"iba  'niiDt^i  '^'^iiis^b^ia  rin^  np^n   yji^i   Dnjjn-b:?  J">"^"'?J?  '  O'D*-^ 
TOjjb  D";^n-]Ta  npb-nfwS*  3?b22n-ri5  1  n'^n'bi?  nV.^   in^-i    :  t^^^Vi'nv^  22 

^T    •  :  IT   T    IT      »    •  J/-  r  •.•    -:  JT  ••    -  ...  (.         v:  T        :  !•.••-  t     r.*    :     ~ 

tj-'x-nt3?'^   p-bs^   :  ri5-7-nnpb  ©"^^{73  ^^  ni'i^   i^np-'  rii^rb  ^^ntjati  2i 

T  -:i-  >••  -  ,  t»t:(>  k    ■•  r  r     ■  jrVr  '  :  t    i    ;     '  ^ 

DH^riJ  ^^rr^i   nni^  -lirnb  rni  int'&^a  psni   S^«-nKT  r::s*-ri5  ns 

'.•••:  «    :  !•  -  IT  V  rr  T  i  \.  t  ;  :    •    :        »    j-  t  j  a    •  v  :  <   t 

t^iTTCan-'  i^bi   iTOUii   D"iwv:n  D-'ii-n:? 


CHAPTER   III.    a 

"Tj2i5r\i    :  pn   ry   bbia  '^bDsn    Kb    a-inbx    ^12^5-13   sn    r,ii;i?n-b5«  2 

•  '  -  'IT   -         »    /••  I     •  :  ,  J  -       :■■,  J-    T        !•  '-<  T     •  >T 


1 


i^n-Tjina  -it!>if  pn  ■'nss^^   :bDi?3  pn-72:'  ^-ica  rmn-b«  ri^yn  3 

fr    -       I       I    i.  -'•      :        '     ■•    »  J"   :     •  1"  fiT    -      I    r-  j-    :     •  mt     -  v  .t    ■    T 


•••       '  '       ,     \     :       '  ■••  A  V  :     •  i  :  v     •  :  i  «  •        v:  j-    r 

>'ni^scn;xnpi  :5?ni  nrj  '^5"j'i  D'^nbxs  nn^'^m  02^^37  ^InrtsS  ^.-izia  c 

l^         t    .^T  •.    r-  ITT  ,  v   :  ,  .  ,..  ,.     .  ...  ^.,    ..^e-  .1:    :•:  v    • 

4  jnnhn  onb  iiei5?;:i:}  nb&^n  nb?  ^nsn^^j  on  ms^i^:?  •'j  .•■i''^;^  tn"^:tp 

•■-:•-  A    -  -      J  :  fiT  -  '(■•-:•  -r       :■■.  »T       :  »  v  :      :  •  i-     '-' 

"'    '    '•  ■        ^  T  :  IT   T  4-    .  T    -:  .  /•  :    •    :  i     <•     .     .  tv  -:  J    ••    t      f    •    ": 

p^^.TD  -,nN  TDJT  V.  25. 


EXERCISES    IN    READING.  51 

13  nisi^^i    :bDk■^    yvrrrn   ^yr\:r\2    ^nn   ■>ii!i5'  nnn    *ifi5   T\mt\ 

I"       IT  f    »•    T      I  r  r     :  IT  -r  •     t    •  r  j-t  jv  -:  r    •    rr 

'^ss^-'i&n  ©nsn  nisi<n  S^i^ni   rr^irs'  nb^-T-n-a  nmsb  n^n'bjj^   ni--' 

.     V-  •       •  ITT      -  T      •      IT  V  -  K    T  J  -  «T     •    IT  -r  -.I  »T  : 

14  hP55  n^*^55   ni^-T  rr^tos?  '^s  irriin-b^  i  a''n'*5i5  nnn-"  n'^si^'^i  :  bsi^n 

T     -  <      T        .  T  X    T  r  T  T      -  V  J-  •.-:  T  :  V  -  I"  IT 

r-:         T  V-  /tt:  '••••j'::  -  att-  j--  v-  t-i-         t- 

^np^cn  ?fT?''5?-bi5'i  d\rn  -i^fn^nsyn  ^?nni  tfjlnsr::^  nnii?  r.|nn 
i^SDi^nn  Tim»2!^  bSpb  fis^iaiij  ^^3  "i)2i^  Dns^bi  .    D       :?fa-bM;'  sot  » 

-!•.•:•  ij:t:-tj-  -t  jtt;  'it  t:-  s.  : 

T   t    -:   IT  .T  -:  AV    •  «-  /  ••  I        .      .    .  ».      .  I  T      » 

18  nb  n-'m^n  ^'rm  ripi   t^"^"  ^^'^  ^^  nsboi^n   "jinsrya  'nnin$| 

>AT         -      r  :    -  «-  :  —  :         I      •/  :  '    r.-  -  *-  :  <«  t  .      :        i  »  t   •    .  .  .  r- 

19 -bs?   T^niTD  n:?  onb   bDi?n   Tj'iEi^   r^rn   tt-^n    nto^-nij  rbDSi 
i  «n'5'^i    }  nriJn   ^S3?-bi5i   nri^   ^es^-^s  nnpb  n-is^    ^^3  "^"^^^ 

,T):    .   -  ,      T  .T    T  V   :  T     -  JT   T  I-  T      :   »rtT  \  I      1.       •  r  T    T        .  jt 

t:  —  -  ITT  r*  it:it  j-  ■/•  at-  x.     :    •  /"»ttit 

•-  •"  „       J  _  ,-..-.  V  /     :  T  »     :     •    :  »t   t  ;  •        v: 

inns^n  r^n^i  niu  ns^^ib  ^sia-a  ^n«D  n'^n  bn^n  )r\  n-^n'bi;  nir^ 

JT-:  ATT  J  -«-T  V-  J--:  TT  TTIT/<  ^  V!^^ ^^  i 

23  ^nnbc^i   :  abi^b  ^n^  bD^^   D-^^nn  ri^^'a   na    fijpbn   in;;'  \  nb;!?:"-;?? 

7-  :     -  :  r-  iT       :  r-r  vt:  '-rfj-"  "»  »-t:  t      \^_^    .  •      »  .• 

24  tji^in    :  ffi^a  npb  nirj«  nis^t^rrni^  -nh^b   ps^-p^  •  •  U'^nbt^  nin7 

■..  IT :  I-  IT    •  »^  \  r.'  -:  t  t    -:  jt  •-•  ■:  r-         '  v  at-      '  -    •  X        •••  It 

s    V   -  -«-  "  :  •  -1  :    -  •••  '■••••      '  -  J  ■■  ^■"    ■  »••:--  at  T    IT 

./  "   !•    -  I-      I  I-        '  V  w  V  :  •  •.••••-:•-       , 


Masoretic  Notes  Explained. 

^'nnn  'n    .     .     .     .     Large  Beth. 
'     ^n'^li^T  'n     .     .     .     .     Small  He. 
pnw  nn»  ttJ^T     ....     Daghesh  after  Shupek.' 


VOCABULARY. 


nij  n.  m.  (const,  "^ns  ,  pi.  ninif) 
father 

"J^S?  n.  m.  f.  stone 

^ij5  n.  m.  mist,  vapour 

D"iJ  n.  111.  man^  Adam 

rria'lJjf:  n.  f.  ground^  earth 

pnJJ  n.  m.  Aaron 

•^'^■=1^5  adv.  perhaps 

*li«  V.  K.  (imp.  "lii5)  N.  to 
shine.  H.  to  cause  to  shine, 
give  light 

^.ii^  n.  m.  light 

nix  n.  m.  f.  (ni)  sign 

^n5<  num.  one 

'^Si.  adv.  (suf.  i^i?)  where  7 

TQ^'S  n.  f.  enmity 

X^^  (const.  I'^i^)  nothing,  there 
is  not  or  was  not 

"CJ'^S  n.  m.  (D'^t:S ,  □■^©^ifij:)  mayi, 
husband 

^Db<  V.  K.  ^0  eat.  devour.  N.  Pu. 
to  he  eaten.     II.  to  cause  to  eat 

nbDS  n.  tfood 

bx  adv.  wo/,  gives  an  impera- 
tive sense  to  the  apoc.  future 


"b^  prep,  to,  unto 

rtlb^^  commonly  in  the  pi.  D'^nbiJ 

n.  m.  God 
Ttb^_  n.  m.  Elisha 
n&5  n.  f.  (ni/2S)  mother 
W&    adv.    i/",    in    a    disjunctive 

question  or 
l-ax   v.  K.   to  say.      N.  /o  he 

said.      H.   /o  cause  to  say. 

Hith.  /o  /cr//t:  of  one'' s  self 
•'DSJ ,  ^D:«  pron.  / 
?1X  n.  m.  (D^Bi?)  nostril 
C]X  conj.  also,  even 
Tb^')'^  nmxi.four 
flN.   with   art.  f'^J«n   n.  m.  f. 

(r.i)  earth,  land 
nSif  v.  K.  P.  to  curse.      N.  He 

to  he  cursed. 
r^^  n.  f.  (const.  T\tk ,  pi.  D^fc) 

ivoman,  ivife 
"l*U?2«  n.  Assyria 
lTr&5    pron.  i^Ao,  which  ;    conj. 

Ma/,  hecause 
ni5  sign  of  the  definite  object 
nri<  pron.  Mo?/ 


VOCABULARY. 


53 


ii  prep,  in,  iiito,  with 

bn3  n.  Babylon 

*1^a  n.  m.  garment 

^3  n.  m.  (i'ns)  separation.    i*nb 

in  his  separation^  i.  e.  alone 
b"j3  V.  H.  ^0  separate^  divide. 

'N.  to  be  separated 
Hb^^  n.  bdellium, 
^na  n.  m.  emptiness 
rana  n.  f.  beast,  cattle 
i^Sa  V.  K.  (flit.   Nih^)  ^d    co/7?e, 

cowe  i/i.   H.  to  cause  to  come, 

bring.     Ho.  to  be  brought 
tjia  V.  K.  (fut.  ©ii'?)  Hith.  to 

be   ashamed.      H.    to   m.ake 

asham>ed 
^n^  K.   to  choose.      N.    ^o   6e 

chosen 
'J"'2l  prep,  between 
Dnbi  n-iii  n.  Bethlehem 
"'Piba  adv.  ?«o^  ;  prep,  except 
15  n.  m.  5oy/ ;    pi.    0*^53   sons, 

children 
nba  V.  K.  to  build.     N.  ^o  6e 

built 
"l^;?a  prep,  o/r  account  of 
*ljx3  n.  m.  7?iorning 
Kna  V.  K.  ^0  create.     N.  /o  6e 

created 
^n  V.  K.  P.  /o  6/e55.     N.  Pu. 

to  be  blessed.     Hith.  to  bless 

one^s  self 
^^2  n.  m.  flesh 

n  li.  f.  (suf.  "^na,  pi.  nib) 
daughter 


bi'ij  adj.  ^?'ea^ 
■jinj  n.  m.  belly 
f\m  n.m.f.  G^i'Ao/i 
D5  conj.  also 
1^  n.  m.  (0*^25)  garden 
ffiia  V.  K.  P.  to  drive  out.     N. 
Pu.  to  be  driven  out 

pi'n  V.  K.  (pret.  e  in  pause, 
fut.  a)  to  cleave,  adhere. 
H.  to  cause  to  cleave.  Ho. 
to  be  caused  to  cleave 

ni'n  n.  f.fish 

r\'^W  n.  f.  likeness 

"1'^"'.'^  n.  m.  thistle 

1\y]  n.  m.  f.  way,  journey 

fi^tfl  V.  K.  ^0  spring  up,  said 
of  grass.  H.  to  cause  to 
spring  up,  bring  forth  grass 

iitJ'l  n.  m.  grass 

•n  art.  the 

n  sign  of  interrogation 

X^n  m.  tSi^T),  i^TI  f.  he,  she,  it, 

that 
X^l'n  V.  K.  to  be.     N.  to  become 
tfbn   or   tf?^    V.    K.    P.    ^o  go. 

H.  ^0  cause  to  go.     Hith.  /o 

go  for  one's  self  walk  about 
in,  r.zn  int.  (suf.  ■'SDn)  /o.'  6e- 

hold  ! 
tj£n    V.    K.    to   turn,    change, 

N.  Ho.  to  be  turned.     Hith. 

/o  turn  one^s  self 
"JT^SI  n.  m.  conception 


54 


VOCABULARY. 


■J  conj.  and 

nr  m.  nsT  f.  bst ,  rbk  pi.  this, 

these 
int  n.  m.  ^o/c? 
nij  n.  m.  male 
Tb),  n.  f.  (ri?T)  A'i/?e«i 
S?nT  V.  K.  to  sow.     N.  Pu.  to 

he    soivn.       H.    ^o    produce 

seed 
2^'iT  n.  m.  seed 

Snn  V.  H.  /o  hide.  Pu.  Ho.  ^o 
6e  hid.  N.  Hith.  ^o  A/c?e 
one^s  self 

rni!^n  n.  f.  apron 

bp'nn  n.  m.  Hiddekel,  Ti- 
gris 

SlS^in  n.  f.  Havilah 

^T\  adj.  (•"•^n)  living 

r»^n  n.  f.  (paragog.  vowel  iri^H) 
life,  living  thing,  beast 

^^n  V.  K.  to  live 

D"'*n  n.  m.  pi.  life 

"rOTl  V.  K.  P.  to  desire.  N.  to 
be  desired 

"^W'^W  num.  fifth 

Snn  n.  f.  (ini)  sword 

1\tTi  n.  m.  darkness 

lil3  adj.  ^ooc? 

D"!!?  adv.  ?io/  yet,  before 

™:a^,  fi^3^  adj.  f.  dry  land 
T  n.  f  hand 


^h^  V.  K.  to  know.  N.  ^  6« 
knoicn.  H.  /o  c«z<5e  /o  know, 
to  make  known.  Ho.  to  be 
made  known.  Hith.  to  make 
one^s  self  known 

T^'^T^'^  n.  m.  Jehovah 

Di'i  n.  m.  (0^*0^)  c/«y 

5]0i'^  n.  111.  Joseph 

^^-^  V.  K.  to  bear.     N.  Pu.  Ho. 

-   T 

to  be  born.  H.  to  cause  to 
bear.  Hitli.  to  represent 
one^s  self  as  born,  i.  e.  have 
one's  name  recorded  in  gen- 
ealogical lists 

11^-; .     See  tf^n 

W^  n.  m.  (n**^;;)  sea 

i^lj  v.  K.  to  go  out,  go  forth. 
H.  to  cause  to  go  forth,  bring 
forth.  Ho.  to  be  brought 
forth 

ni;"  K.  (fut.  nii"'*'!)  to  form.  N. 
Pu.  Ho.  to  be  formed 

i^n^  V.  K.  to  fear.  N.  to  be 
feared.  P.  to  caiise  to  fear, 
terrify 

bl^in^  n.  m.  Jerubbaal,  Gideon 

itr**!^  n.  f.  Jericho 

p"!";!  n.  m.  greenness 

bsnip^  n.  m.  Israel 

1®^  V.  K.  (fut.  liC'^:)  ^0  5/ee/?. 
P.  to  cause  to  sleep 

S  prep,  according  to,  as 
©rs  V.  K.  P.  to  subdue.     N.  to 
be  subdued 


VOCABULARY. 


55 


si  12  n.  m.  star 

10^3  n.  m.  Cush 

■^^^S  n.  m.  Cushite^  Ethiopian 

''S  conj.  that,  because,  for.   '^S  Cji^ 

is  it  even  so  that 
Vd  n.  m.  (fc)  a/Z,  every,  the  whole 
nSs  V.  K.  /o  come  ^o  a/i  enc?. 

T     T 

P.  to  finish.   Pu.  to  he  finished 
15  adv.  50 ;  "j?  ^^  therefore 
1^23  n.  Canaan 
5123  n.  f.  i^?/?/"* 
nil3  n.  m.  cheruh 
ri:"ro,  nDri3  n.  f.  coa^,  tunic 

b  prep,  to,  for 

i^b  adv.  /?o^ 

tJnb  or  tJinb  K,  (fut.  a)  to  put  on, 

wear,  he  clothed  with.     H.  to 

cause  to  put  on,   to  clothe. 

Pu.  to  he  clothed 
"DnVn.  m.fiame 
lb  int.  Oiff   O  that  ! 
Dnb  n.  m.  i.food,  hread 
b'^b  n.  m.  (ni)  night 
ripb  V.  K.  to  take,  take  away. 

N.  Pu.  Ho.  to  he  taken 

^b5l2  n.  might ;  adv.  tnightily, 
very  ;  li^ia  li^iaa  t^?/7A  might 
of  might,  exceedingly 

T.S13  n.  111.  (D"^.  and  m)  light, 
luminary 

bDifJ'a  n.  vn.  food 

nia  pron.  what  7  whatever  ;■ 
n^b  fof  whi^t  ?   ifiherefore  ? 


^5?il3  n.  m.  (D*^.  and  fii)  season 

n^TQ  v.  K.  ^0  «//e.     P.  H.  to  cause 

to  die,  kill.     Ho.  to  he  killed^ 

put  to  death 

nb'Q  V.  H.  Zo  cause  to  rain.     N. 

to  he  rained  upon 
"^12  pron.  who  ?  whoever 
W^IZ  n.  m.  pi.  water 
)^'iQ  n.  m.  species,  kind 
sbri  V.  K.  to  fill  or  6e//fZZ.     P. 
to  fill.       N.  Pu.  to  be  filled. 
Hith.  ^0  complete  each  other 
r\D^b)2  n.  f.  (const.  t^3J5b)2,  suf. 

iriDScb-e)  work 
T^jm'Q  n.  f.  (const,  ribfeiai?)  do- 
minion, ride 
)12  prep,  from,  out  of.      I'ob  id. 

b  O'ljl^'a  072  ZAe  east  of 
^Tq  V.  K.  to  find.      N.  ^o  6e 

found.     H.  Zo  cazi^e  to  find 
U'^^t'n  n.  ^^y/?^ 
n'ip'a  n.  m.  gathering  together j 

collection 
Dipia  n.  m.  f.  (ni)  place 
^»^5"l^  n.  m.  sight,  appearance 
bC'a  V.  K.  to  rule,  with  la  before 
its  object.      H.    to   cause  to 
rule 

\^)  particle  of  entreaty,  ?ioiv,  I 

pray  thee 
"lis  V.  H.  to  tell.     Ho.  to  be  told 
15*3  prep,  before,  over  against. 

I5i33     correspq^niding     to,    a 

C0jUnterpa,rt 


56 


VOCABULARY. 


5^53  V.  K.  to  tnvch^  with  3  be- 
fore its  object.  P.  to  touch 
with  violence^  to  smite.  N. 
Pii.  to  he  smitten.  H.  to 
touch  or  cause  to  touch 

^n3  n.  111.  (D^.  and  rii)  river 

n-0  V.  K.  to  rest.    H.  n-^rn  or 

ri'^an  /o   cause   to  rest,    jnit. 

j)lace.     Ho.  to  he  caused  to 

rest 
nb  n.  m.  Noah 
IL-nj  n.  m.  serpent 
5?tD5   V.  K.  ^0  7;/an^.      N.  /o  6e 

planted 
nsp  V.  K.  H.   to  breathe,  More. 

Pu.  ^0  he  blown 
bsj  V.  K.  to  fall.     H.  ^0  ca?^.9e 

to  fall,  throw  doivn.     Hith. 

to  throw  oneJs  self  down 
mb   n.  in.  f.  (D\  and  ni)  soul, 

life 
nnpj  n.  f.  female 
i^t'2  V.  H.  to  deceive.     N.  /o  he 

deceived 
Q-'CJa  see  nfe55 
mi£:  n.  f.  6re«i/i 
■jrp  V.  K.  to  give,  p7tt.     N.  Ho. 

to  be  given 

^SD  V.  K.  N.  P.  to  turn  in- 
trans.,  surround.  H.  ^o  ^?Ar/i 
trans.     Ho.  to  be  turned 

^50  y.  K.  P.  ^0  ^A?*^  ?//3,  deliv- 
er, N.  Pu.  ^0  h^  shut  lip 
}:I.  ^p  cause  to  sjj.ui  up 


12^  V.  K.  to  serve,  iDork,  till. 

N.  Pn.  to  he  served.     H.  to 

cause   to    serve.     Ho.    to    he 

caused  to  serve 
"i:?  prep,  unto,  until 
"j'j?  n.  Eden 

d'p"2?  n.   m.  eternity,  antiquity 
?|i3?  n.  m.fowl,  birds 
qi5?  V.  3i.  P.  ^0  7?y.      Hith.  to 

fly  away 
112!'  n.  m.  (ni)  slin 
ntlj   V.    K.    ^    Ze«ve,  forsal'e. 

N.  Pu.  ^  be  forsaJi'en 
it:;?  n.  in.  At//> 
l^i?  n.  f.  (D:'b"'3?)  eye;  '^r?^  i/i 

or  before  the  eyes  of 
DW  n.  ni.  7iaJ.edness,  naled 
by  prep,  over,  upon 

nb;j  V.  K.  ^o  ^o  ?//>.     H.  to 

cause   to  go  up,  bring   vp. 

N.   Ho.    to    he    brought   up. 

Hith.  to  lift  one^s  self  up 
nb^'  n.  m.  leaf 
nbb  see  Dbi2? 

T  T 

DS'  prep.  ("^12!:?  or  ^^IIGS?)  2£?i7/i 

"id:j  n.  m.  (sni)  c?«5^ 
"f"3?  n.  m.  tree 
n:25?  n.  111.  pain,  sorrow 
']''i^2?  11.  111.  pai7i,  sorrow 
nsij  n.  m.  f.  (□'^.  &  ni)  ^»o?2e 
nj:?  n.  ni.(D\  (feni)  AeeZ 
115?  n.  ni.  f.  (rii)  evening 
nil?  adj.  (rii?)  na^'e</ 
Dliy  adj.  cunning,  subtle 
nto  n.  11).  (ni)  //er6 


VOCABULAEY. 


57 


tiw^  V.  K.  to  do,  Tuake,  produce. 

N.  Pu.  to  be  done,  made 
T\IP^  adv.  71010 

itJ^'S  n.  m.  Pison 

D'^PirbB  n.  m.  pi.  the  Philis- 
tines 

"]S  conj.  lest,  that  not 

D'DS  n.  m.  pi. /ace;  ^3&b  /?i  the 
face  of,  before  ;  '^2212  from 
the  face  of,  from  b  of  ore 

D?3  n.  m.  f.  (O"".  and  ni)  ^/me 

nps  V.  K.  to  open.  N.  to  be 
opened 

T]3  V.  K.  P.  H.  to  separate, 
part.  N.  Pu.  to  be  parted. 
Hith.  to  separate  one^s  self, 
jJ  art  from  one  another 

nhs  V.  K.  to  be  fruitful  H.  to 
make  fruitful 

*''1B  n.  m..  fruit 

rns  n.  m.  Euphrates 

J5i2  n.  m.  (D-".  and  m')  host 
ri'iS  V.  P.  to  command.     Pu.  ^o 

6e  commanded 
D^2  n.  m.  image 
:?^?  n.  f.  (const.  2?b2,  D"*.   and 

TOS  V.  K.  P.  ^0  sprout,  shoot 
forth.  H.  ^0  cause  to 
sprout 

D^j?  n.  m.  ca.s'^ 
nb^p  n.  f.  6'a.S'^ 


TClj^  V.  K.  (pret.  e  in  pause,  fut. 
«)  to  be  holy.  P.  H.  to  make 
holy,  hallow,  sanctify.  N. 
Pu.  to  be  sanctified.  Hith. 
to  sanctify  one^s  self 

nij^  V.  N.  ^0  6e  gathered  to- 
gether 

bip  n.  m.  (rii)  i;o?*ce,  sound 

Y'^^  n.  m.  ^/ior;i 

^bp,  Itjp  (nit:p)  adj.  little,  small 

i^Sp  V.  Iv.  to  call.     N.  P'l 
be  called 

nkn  V.  K.  (fut.  with  Vav  vH'^^) 
to  see.  N.  Pu.  to  be  seen. 
H.  to  cause  to  see,  show. 
Ho.  to  be  shoicn.  Hith.  to 
look  at  one  another 

TTi^n  n.  m.  (D'^iss^)  head,  source 

n*'t?55'n  n.  f.  beginning 

n^n  V.  K.  to  be  many,  multiply 
in  trans.  P.  H.  (inf.  abs. 
r»i"ir))  to  make  many,  multi- 
ply trans. 

'^2?''3"l  num.  fourth 

Trn  V.  K^  to  rule,  have  dominion 

nil  D.  iti.  f.  (ni)  breath,  wind, 
Spirit 

"|r!"l  V.  P.  to  brood,  hover  over 

to*!  V.  K.  to  creep 

1D1T\  n.m.  creeping  thing,  reptile 

;?"  adj.  (n:jn)  evil 

iP'^p'l  n.  v\\.  firmament 

tHiD  n.  ni.  (D^ .  and  ti'^)  field 


58 


VOCABULARY. 


D^ii?  or  U**1Q  V.  K.  H.   to  place. 

Ho.  to  be  placed 
n^tte  n.  m.  bush,  shrub 
bito  V.  K.  to  be  wise.     P.  to  act 

-     T 

wisely.      H.  to  make  wise, 
act  wisely 

^^intJ  num.  seventh 

nbnt:  num.  seven 

n*i^ntD  num.  seventy 

t^2W  V.  K.  (fut.  0  and  a)  to  rest, 

cease,   leep  sabbath.      H.  to 

cause  to  rest  or  cease.     N.  to 

be  caused  to  cease 
tn3©  n.  m.  f.  (const.  TS^,   suf. 

inst?)  Sabbath 
DJltt   n.  m.  o?zy:2r 
nit?  V.  K.  to  return.    P.  H.  to 

cause  to  return,  bring  back. 

Pu.  Ho.  to  be  brought  back 
Jqi©  V.  K.  to  bruise,  crush 
rr^Tp  V.  K.  ^  ;9z«^.    Ho.  ^0  be  put 
)DW  V.  K.  (pret.  e  in  pause)  ^o 

dwell.      P.    H.    ^0   cause    to 

dwell,  to  station 
nStj   K.    P.    H.    to    send,   put 

forth,  let  go.     N.  Pu.  to  be 

sent 
^tC'^bUJ  num.  third 
mrblJ?  num.  three 
DTS  adv.  there  ;  rvc/w  thither 


DID  n.  m.  (ni)  name 

^k^^lD  n.  m.  Samuel 

D^'a©  n.  m.  pi.  heaven 

5?'aO  V.  K.  to  hear,  with  a  direct 

object  or  with  S.    N.   ^o   6e 

heard.    P.  H.  ^o  ca7f5e  ^o  Aear 
1?2tp  V.  K.  to  keep.     1^.  Hith.  to 

keep  one's  self,  take  heed 
T\zW  n.  f.  (D"'.  and  H"^)  year 
"''D©  num.  second 
C^b©  m.  D^riT^  f.  num.  tioo  n 

rijb©  V.  H.  to  cause  to  drink,  to 

ivater.     Pu.  to  be  watered 
fni»  V.  K.  /o  creep,  teem  with, 

increase  abundantly 
f^l©  n.  m.  creeping  thing,  rejt- 

tile 
*^'m  num.  5i:r//i 

nhiJin  n.  f.  desire 

ni^Pi  n.  f.  {U^Jfg-tree 

inn  n.  m.  desolateness 

Dinn  n.  m.  f.   (^li)   ocean,   the 

deep 
tjin  n.  m.  midst 
rribin  n.  f.  getieration 
niir}  prep,  under,  instead  of 
)^ir\  n.  m.  sea-monster 

nSn  V.  K.   P.   ifo   562^- 

TO'l'in  n.  f.  deep  sleep 
rij^ltrri  n.  f.  desire 


GRAMMATICAL   TABLES. 


I.     The  Letters,  §1. 


Order. 

Forms  and  Equivalents. 

1 

Names. 

Eabbinical 
Alpliabet. 

Numerical 

values. 

1 

i( 

pb^if 

Aleph 

t 

1 

2 

n 

Bh,  B 

rr^a 

Beth 

3 

2 

3 

^ 

Gh,  G 

^^"•^ 

Gi'-mel 

i 

3 

4 

n 

Db,D 

i^^tf 

Da'-leth 

7 

4 

5 

n 

H 

.«r? 

He 

t) 

5 

6 

1 

V 

nn 

Vav 

1 

6 

7 

T 

Z 

ri 

Zayin 

1 

7 

8 

n 

Hh 

n-in 

Hheth 

P 

8 

9 

13 

T 

n^t: 

Tcth 

V 

9 

10 

*i 

Y 

ni"^ 

Yodh 

» 

10 

11 

3  1 

Kh,  K 

?1? 

Kaph 

1  = 

20 

12 

b 

L 

^^>' 

La'-medh 

i 

30 

13 

)2  n 

M 

D^ 

Mem 

CP 

40 

14 

= ) 

N 

P 

Nun 

i^ 

60 

15 

D 

S 

!pDO 

Sa'-mekh 

p 

60 

16 

9 

r^ 

Ayin 

r 

70 

17 

B  q 

Ph,P 

^^ 

Pe 

c|r 

80 

18 

ar 

Ts 

•^^i 

Tsa'-dhe 

P 

90 

19 

p 

K 

riip 

Koph 

r 

100 

20 

1 

R 

©I'l 

Resh 

■5 

200 

21 

« 

Sh,  S 

"ji© 

Shin 

t 

300 

22 

n 

Th,  T 

nn 

Tav 

P 

400 

II.     Classification  of  the  Letters,  §2. 


Gutturals,  «  n  n  y 
Palatals,  :)^  "^  :i  p 
Linguals,  n  t:  b  3  n 
Dentals,  r  o  s  © 
Labials,  n  1  tt  B 
^  shares  the  peculiarities 
of  the  Gutturals. 


Weak, 


Medium 


(K  n  1  '^  Vowel-Letters. 

ji^  n  n  y  Gutturals. 

r  b  -a  3  "1  Liquids. 

^^™'    j  T  0  2  tJ  Sibilants. 


Stron 


.         Aspirates  and 


Mutes. 


Serviles  a^Di  nii?i3  'jn\>5.    Radicals  the  rest  of  the  Alphabet. 


Long  Vowels, 

Ka'mets  a  ^-r 
Tse're  e  ~ 
Hho'lem  6  _^ 


The    PomTs,  §4, 

Short  Vowels. 

Pattahh  a  ^ 

Seghol  e  ~ 

Ka'mets-Hhatiiph  6  t 


Doubtful  Vowels. 

Hhi'rik    "     ^  or  ^ 
Shii'rek  • 
Kibbuts 


u  or  u 


Pronounce  a  as  in  father,  a  as  in  fat,  e  as  in  there,  e  as  in  met,  i  as  in 
machine,  i  as  in  pin,  o  as  in  note,  6  as  in  not,  w  as  in  rule,  u  as  in. 


^  _   r  Ilhateph-Pattahh  ~. 

ThVas         Hhateph-Seghol   ^ 

(  Hhateph-Kamets  tt 


§  7.     Simple  Sh'va  —  silent  or  vocal. 

thus  nb?  ""modk 
thus  ibi5  ^on 

thus    ^2gi  "^^. 

§  8.   Pattahh-furtive  -^  with  5?,  n  or  i^  at  the  end  of 
words. 

^11.   Daghesh-lene  in  a  a  1  3  &   r\  removes  aspiration. 

^12.    Daghesh-forte  doubles;   not  found  in  i5  n  n  y, 
rarely  in  ^ . 

§  13.   Mappik  in  final  •n  when  a  consonant. 

§  14.    Uaphe   ^   opposite   of    Daghesh-lene,   Daghesh- 
forte,  or  Mappik. 

§  20.    Makkeph  (")  connects  words. 

§  21.    Methegh  —  second  syllable  before  the  accent. 

2 


SmGTJLAE. 


I 


He 

She 


III.     Personal  Pronouns,  ^  23. 

PLUEAL. 

nn,  ni2n 
W,   nan 


(Thou/     ni?,'^nj« 


K^,n 


We 

Ye  7)1. 
Ye/ 
They 


Simple. 

^Z.      D  (it3)     D,  ,0.    D.. 

8/.    n         ri,        n. 


s^n,a5^n^22.3.  They/ 
Suffixes. 

With  Bnlon  Vowels  of  Verba.         With  Sin?.  Nouns. 


0?-) 


12...  (I"?..-) 


ns 


With  Dual  and 
Plur.  Nouns. 
"1  ♦ 


^3-  (^2  J  ^2\. 

V  ; 

%..  v.. 


l"r. 


Demonstrative. 

ifasc.  Fern.  Common. 

Sing,  ht  (it)     ni^V  (it,  nr)  this.      Plur.  bi?,  n^ij?  ///^^^. 

Relative. 
m»«  iv/w  or  ^t7^^>/^;  abbreviated  form  'W  (•»,  ^,  «) 

Interrogative  and  Indefinite. 
^Xi  who  ?  or  whoever.     ™  i^/^^/  .^  or  whatever. 

Verbs. — Their  Species,  §24. 

1.  Simple  act.        Kal  ^"^1?  to  MIL 

2.  "      pass.      Niphal        ^p;:?  ^  be  killed. 

3.  Intensive  act.     Piel  '^t?;;  ^o  i-z7/  ?;;«^^  or  to  massacre. 
4         «         pass.  Pual  ^^?  ^o  3^  massacred. 

5.  Causative  act.    Hiphll      b-^bjpn  ^o  c^re/s^  2fo  M/. 

6.  "         pass.  Hophal      VJ]^n  to  be  caused  to  MIL 
7    Reflexive  Hithpael  %nn  ifo  M/ o;/^'*  s^^. 


IV.     Paradigm 

KAL. 

KIPUAL. 

PIEL. 

PUAL 

Fret. 

3  m. 

^^t:!? 

^tl?? 

I^tQi? 

55^R 

3/. 

^^^B 

nbtpj^? 

•^5  top 

f^?^i?' 

2  m, 

Pr^I? 

nbi:p3 

SJ^^P 

P^^-R 

2/ 

P^^i? 

i^bip? 

nbtDp 

^)^R 

1  c. 

Tfc^i? 

^^^i^l?? 

^^^^P 

•p^^i? 

Plur. 

3  c. 

^'^W 

^bt:p? 

^btpp 

^1:1015 

2  m. 

tinf?15 

Ciribt?p3 

t^rib^P 

at?^ai5 

2/ 

#?!? 

I^^^I??  • 

itt^P 

t'^^R 

1   c. 

^:^i?I5 

^^btfr? 

^ibip 

^;b^i5^ 

Infin. 

absol. 

bitiij 

bbpri 

btig 

btbi? 

const  r. 

btp 

^^^i?n 

^^P 

(^i^R 

FUT. 

3  m. 

btbp; 

^^^i?r 

^fe?p: 

^^-r: 

3/ 

btifpn 

5^^i?n 

btopn 

b'BjJFl 

2  m. 

btbpn 

>^i?n 

btopn 

btQisn 

2/ 

'btfpn 

^btpgn 

^btppn 

■■^Eijjin 

1  c. 

!5tip« 

'^I?? 

^^P5? 

'^^R^ 

Plur. 

3  ?w. 

^bt:p: 

*9E: 

*^pr 

*tpp; 

3/ 

njbtipn 

njbpjsn 

njbtopn 

njbbpn 

2  m. 

^brppn 

iibtpp^n 

iibtppn 

^japn 

2/ 

njbtipn 

f^jbijjjn 

^j^fe?Et? 

Mjb^j^n 

1   c. 

5:tip3 

^%^ 

^topp 

''^^R? 

Imper. 

2  m. 

bbj. 

'*?i?n 

55fe?P 

2/ 

'5^1? 

'"p^m 

^l^^P 

Plur. 

2  wi. 

fep 

fep^n 

iibtpp 

wanting 

1 

2/ 

~?r«i? 

♦^."btjpri 

?^:^t5P 

1 

Part. 

acA 

^4?P 

!^^E? 

pass. 

bmj: 

^^P? 

^W;^ ' 

^ERFECT 

Verbs,  §  2^4 

*. 

mrniL. 

BOPHAL. 

iiniirAEL. 

KAL  (mid.  e). 

KAL  (W2</.  O). 

b"t)j^ri 

bt^pri 

bt)priri 

*•  T 

bhw 

nb^bj^n 

nbtppn 

nbtfpnri  ^ 

T  :  IT 

nb^-5 

^r^!?^I 

rbfcjpn 

nbibpnn 

rnis 

rbi-j: 

Pibiii^ri 

rbtbpn 

:  ;  — ':    t 

rbbpnn 

rnns 

:  :  — T 

:  :       T 

'i?r^i?»7 

'^r^l?0 

Tibi^pnr; 

•    I    —  T 

^riii: 

■    ^-tjj^n 

*9i?0 

fepnn 

ilia!) 

iibD'u: 

3i?bt:pn 

DFibt^pn 

tsi^b^Er^n 

Dn-23 

(Dfe^) 

l^^bt^j^ri 

"i^r^R'7 

■jr^ib^prin 

1^7?? 

it^W 

iiDb^ipri 

*i:bi;i?n 

^:btiprn 

ilj'123 

:  — T 

NDbrii 

:       T 

biitpn 

^^i?0 

(btipnri) 

T 

bii'j: 

^■'PI?^ 

i^IrO 

^*?E^n 

^23 

biip 

•.   ^'^l 

^^!?: 

^t)i2n: 

-ib'' 

bistii" 

'    ^"ipi^f) 

i^irp) 

bioprin 

^i;n 

b:btn 

-^i?i?JD 

'•^Ir^ 

btopnn 

^ir^n 

bjjirn 

^-tipn 

'?Bi3P 

^bippnn 

^is^n 

^b;:"^n 

'    H!?^? 

'^1?? 

^■^S^? 

"=^"2^ 

brol^ 

*'^!?! 

*^i?: 

^S^pn: 

^nm::'^ 

^ibsir^ 

nibi^pn 

Mjbtopnn 

ns^i^n 

nrbsirr 

^b^h])r\ 

fe-jH 

^btpgnn 

iinnr-n 

*2>^i-n 

^vbipri 

-:^cr>n 

njbibpnri 

rii'^i::'^ 

ntbstn 

b^tppD 

^^ir? 

-^Er^? 

-^^^ 

^"^^r*^ 
^?*'^ 

;      -^1?^ 

^i^Er^n 

^i? 

"'^'^pLf 

'^^E^r^ 

*'^I?^I 

wanting 

iibtppnr: 

iinn3 

i  nbiprr 

"■Hi^^n 

♦^r""5? 

■:      ^'^I?? 

bt)pn:j 

^?lf'^ 

V.     Paradigm  of  the  Perfec 


1  com..         2 


Singular. 
maac.         ^fem.        3  masc.  Zfem. 


Kal  Preterite. 


SiNa.  3  masc. 
S/em. 
2  masc. 
2  fern. 

1  com. 
Plue.  8  com, 

2  masc. 
1  com. 

il5cp 

Jinribt:j^ ) 
iribt:fp  J 
^n-f^bcp } 
rnb^i^  i 
rrib^pp 
^^n^ibtjip 
^n^nb^p 
^n^ibt^p 

nnb^]: 

ri^rnb^I^ 

ri^btjp 

n^nb^p 

M^ibt^p 

\ 

¥j^ft^i5 

1]%!? 

Infinitive. 

^^>^i? 

^?!?^i? 

^r^I? 

^^01? 

iStpu 

-^'9&- 

Future. 
Sing.  3  iruisc. 

Plur.  3  ?wasc. 

^sbt)p^  1 

1  t|5t;i5^ 

^nbtpp^ ) 

n^btpp 
nfep- 

Imperative. 
Sing.  2  ma.sc. 

';Bt2p 

^nbtijD 

^'^f: 

PiEL   Preterite. 
Sing.  3  masc.       ^;  ptpp 

^^^i? 

M?^I? 

*^P 

rnbrpp; 

HiPniL  Preterite. 
Sixo.  3  masc.  ^i'TXypt] 

^)'^r> 

^^'^1?0 

"i^'Ppn 

jqb^tppr: 

ERBS  WITH  Suffixes,    §  28. 


1  com.  2  masc. 


Plura  l, 

2fem. 


3  masc. 


sa3ap         Dibt5j^         "jpb^j^ 


Zfem. 


o^Vi?        i^Vi? 


S  ^^'^V, 

Dinbtjp 

t^t?^"!? 

On^?!? 

|0??I? 

Dnbtii? 

|j?t?!? 

rfnbai? 

D-tibap 

r^^i? 

.!i!nbej3 

DD'^ribt^p 
di^btsp 

it': 

d'FibQ]? 

Q^nbDp 
■  D^bb^jj 

I^Fibcp 

:.    ^35tij5 

CJ?^'?!' 

i^^v!? 

0?^!? 

i?^5 

^:^ai? 

Q'PI? 

P«StDp 

sir'?!? 

i^^?i? 

d3^p 

il^^i? 

W^' 

Dib-Ui^fj 

-iib-Cirn 

Dp-'Eipri 

'  i^'^i^fi 

VL 

Paradigm 

OF    Pe 

Guttural  Verbs, 

§31.     i 

KAU 

NIPHAL. 

HIPHIL. 

HOPHAL. 

rfs  FDl 

Pret.  3  m. 

—  r 

•  v:  IV 

—  r:   IT 

i=» 

3/. 

"Tr? 

T    :  viv 

r        •  v;  IV 

T   :  T  IT 

^3Nf^ 

2  m. 

T  :  —  T 

T  :   -v;tv 

riTbsin 

mi2y'r^ 

T  :  —  t:   IT 

bixi 

2/. 

^ypr 

nTb53 

:  :   —  •/.iv 

^m 

T:ni2^r^ 

•    : 

le. 

•  :  — T 

•  :  —  v.iv 

•  :   —  v:  IV 

^n^7brn 

•  :  —  t:  IT 

55=5 

Plur.  3  c. 

•   V   IV 

:  T  rr 

feS! 

2  m. 

V  :  — : 

V  :   —V.IV 

^^7W.vi 

dn^gyn 

r  :  — 

2/ 

WW 

}  V  :  -V.IV 

1^7pi 

I^T^^C- 

iiam: 

1  c. 

:  —  r 

I    -v;r.- 

1  -v:  IV 

:  -t:  it 

Infin.  Ahsol. 

T 

T    l~ 

••  -:  1- 

••  -n   IT 

Constr. 

•  -:  r 

—  •n  IT 

Kal  (/««!) 

Fdt.  3  m. 

-a- 

•  -a- 

1 

3/ 

-:  1- 

••   T   1" 

^''?y^l 

—  i:  IT 

pii:!^ 

2  m. 

-:  r 

"  T    P* 

•  -:  1- 

—  t:  it 

pio^ 

2/ 

^7^?^ 

•    :  IT  •• 

•  -:  1- 

^H)2m 

•    :  r  IT 

y:^^ 

Ic. 

^^?:S 

••  T    l~ 

•  -:  1- 

—  t:  it 

vim 

Plur.  3  m. 

:  — r 

:  IT" 

•  -:i- 

^112T 

:  TIT 

"pr^ 

3/. 

T  :       -:  1- 

T  :    ••-:  1- 

T  :   —  r:   it 

rapiti^ 

2  m. 

^Tj^n 

^n7:33?n 

:  IT  •• 

•  -:  1- 

:  T  IT 

iipjn* 

2/ 

♦^5?'^:^ 

™7'^?F1 

T  :    ••-:  1- 

T  :  -  t:  it 

™pb| 

Ic. 

-a- 

•  -a- 

^^Vr 

pio 

Imper.  2  m. 

^b^ 

i7b3?n 

••  r  i~ 

ibyr} 

Pi» 

2/ 

'7^? 

"7^?"^ 

^TV?.\} 

wanting 

^^I> 

P/wr.  2  m. 

^T2y 

:  IT  •• 

^Th^ti 

ip?' ' 

2/ 

T  :       -; 

^)im 

^J7'^?0 

n:i?Tj 

Part.  Act 

rp 

"i'^';"';^ 

N^  1 

Pass. 

T^-l 

Tbs- 

T  v;iv 

f  t:  1  t 

^^; 

8 

■ 

VII.    Paradigm  of  Ayin  Guttural  Verbs,  ^  32. 


KAL. 


NIPUAL. 


riEL. 


PUAL.  HITHPAEL. 


Feet.  3  m. 

bS3 

b^:o 

!^^? 

bS3 

^^SI?- 

3/ 

n5s3 

nbi?:^? 

-^?3 

"^83 

2  m. 

Tb^'j 

rb^:i3 

nbi^-; 

nbi<a 

T  :  — 

nbi^^nn 

2/ 

vbk'j 

rbi^yj 

i^^^? 

pbi^a 

nbi^jnr; 

Ic. 

Tbkj 

•nb^jD 

^vbk^ 

•^nb^s 

•'rbi^snn 

Plur.  3  c. 

^b^j 

ilb»3D 

^bi<5 

^bi^b 

^bs^nnn 

-:iT  :    • 

2  m. 

Dribx3 

Dnbu^ro 

anbxs 

Dr^bi^b 
...  _ , 

Dnbi^Bfin 

2/. 

l^^^f 

ir]^??? 

#«5 

|P^»"? 

'.nb^^r^nn 

]  -.'  :  -IT  :    • 

Ic. 

^3bi^5 

ii3bi^:o 

^3b&5 

SQ^to 

ii3bi|?5riri 

Infix.  Absol. 
Constr. 


bi5<5 
bSa 


2^»  » 


bi^sn 


bkr»nn 


FuT.  3  m. 

b^3^ 

bi^T 

"t: 

V^T 

bsan- 

••  T   :  • 

3/ 

b^3n 

bi^-^n 

b^3n 

"T    : 

b^bn 

bksnn 

••  T  :    • 

2  m. 

bi^:r\ 

bi<Bn 

b^^n 

bkbn 

^^^5^^' 

2/ 

^bi^r^n 

•     —IT     • 

•  -:iT  : 

^bxbn 

•   -:iT  :    • 

Ic. 

bi^ri^^ 

bi^riu^ 

b^ri? 

bto« 

^^^5^'? 

PZt*r.  3  m. 

^b^T 

-:iT* 

^'«5: 

^b^T 

^b^:^r\^ 

-:iT  :  • 

3/ 

r^b^ypi 

njbS^sn 

njb^jn 

T  :  —      : 

nj^i^^nn 

2  w. 

^^^:sT\ 

?ib^r»n 

*SM^ 

^bsbn 

-:  1    : 

^bxr»nn 

-:iT  :    • 

2/ 

njbi^jn 

njb^sn 

rijbkjn 

T-.  -T  ; 

n:b^bn 

T  :  —      : 

nDb&^snn 

r  :  — T   :    • 

Ic. 

b^j5 

—  :• 

"T' 

bskjD 

bkb? 

bkr»w 

"T  :  • 

Impek.  2  m. 

2/ 
Plur.  2  m, 

2/ 


bi??       b&sn 

-.,-  .IT 


6S3 


5      wanting 


Hibiisnn 


Paet.  Act. 
Pass. 


b^b 
b^5<a 


bi^:o 


••T    : 


bkan^:] 


bkia 


VIII.    Paradigm 

OF  Lamedh  Guttural  Verbs,  §  33^.  1 

KAL. 

NIPHAL. 

PIEL. 

HIPHTT,. 

HITHPAEL. 

Pret.  3  m. 

-5123 

-      T 

rtiS? 

ri|ti 

r^^birn 

nbri'ujri 

3/ 

T  :    IT 

nnbo3 

T  ;    :  • 

nfibiz: 

T  :    • 

nn^b'OT 

nhbnui'n 

T  :    -    :    • 

2  m. 

nn5aj 

T   ;  "    T 

nnboJD 

T  :  -    :  • 

nnV^ 

rnb'OT 

rin'f'^i^n 

2/ 

nnbti 

:  -  -    T 

nnbizJD 

rinb'd 

rinbuJn 

nnbriirn 

\c. 

^nnliii: 

•     ;  -     T 

^nnrip 

.      ;    -       • 

■^nnbirn 

Plur.  3  c. 

^nbijj 

^.nbir? 

;      • 

^n^b-rri 

iijibnirn  : 

2  m. 

Dnnb-j: 

drjnbir? 

Dnnbir 

drinbiTn  drinbnizjn 

2/ 

ijnnbiT 

1^^^^^? 

l^jr^V^ 

■jnnbiL^n 

"innbnirn 

)  V   :  -    -    :    • 

Ic. 

:  "   T 

wbi!:? 

^Dn^ij 

iisnbtDn 

^3nbriirn 

Infix.  ^Jso?. 

nibizj 

-              T 

r:oTr? 

r\yq 

nbirn 

(7o7Wir. 

n5i23 

: 

nbi23n 

-■     T     . 

r^t 

-^5-5- 

nbnir'n 

Fdt.  3  m. 

nbti: 

nbti^ 

~      T  • 

r^'&- 

fJ'lJT?'! 

T^V\W 

3/ 

n5"iz:n 

nb^n 

n^-in 

ri'5-jn 

-      -     ;      • 

2  ?7l. 

npiDn 

~      T     * 

nstin 

_    ,    .  - 

nlnirn 

2/. 

^nbtin 

^rib^n 

^n^biTFi 

-fibnirn 
..... 

Ic. 

'      T    V 

^H^5? 

rr'i^m 

r!kym 

PZj^r.  3  w. 

;       ;  • 

^nb^^ 

:    IT* 

^hbiii"' 

;      - : 

^n^b'i;: 

^nbnis: 

3/ 

T   :  ~    T   * 

njnitin 

rijnbirTi 

T    ;  -     :    - 

riDribn-rn 

T  s  ~    "    :    • 

2  w. 

iinb"^n 

iinb^n 

^.nbiiin 

:     -     ; 

^n-'birn 

^nbnir'n 

2/ 

njnVin 

T  :  ~    T    • 

n'Tibir'n 

T   :  ~     -    : 

r   ;  -     :    - 

nr<imT\ 

Ic. 

r6m 

-      T* 

nVvD? 

^"^'^? 

r^v\t} 

Imper.  2  m. 

nbir 

-      T      • 

nVi 

r^b-in 

nbnirri 

2/ 

^nbti 

^nbirn 

^nbiz? 

^ri^biDH 

■'ribnirn 

•  :    -    :    • 

PZt^r.  2  m. 

^fib-j? 

^nbign 

;      - 

^ri^birri 

■  iinbnirn 

2/. 

T   :  -    : 

r   :  -    T    • 

T   :  '    - 

njnb'^r; 

njribn-in 

Part.  -4c«. 

n!?ia 

Ul^'? 

n^b^;?/^ 

nbritc^j 

Pass. 

T 

nbu:3 

T    :  • 

1\ 

10 


IX. 

Paradigm  op  Pe  Nun  Verbs,  ^  34. 

ZAL. 

KIPUAL. 

iiipniL. 

nOPHAL. 

KAL. 

Feet.  3  m. 

^i3 

—  r 

•dS? 

t^it) 

tti3n 

it; 

3/ 

T  ;iT 

nir^D 

T        •      • 

n-isn 

^;i?,3 

2  m. 

i?^i? 

T    :  — • 

T    :  —  • 

T    :  -  ••. 

T    — T 

2/ 

:    :  -r 

riu:3; 

:    :  —   • 

:     :  -  \ 

:   — r 

Ic. 

"'^^i? 

■^ri'^5? 

"niiin 

•      — T 

PluT.  3  c. 

:  IT 

iiir'sD 

5i"a:^fin 

:iT 

2  w. 

V    :  — : 

Dn-^'SD 

Dritisn 

dn-^j'sn 

nnr? 

2/. 

#«= 

1^'^'?? 

V^^i'H 

mn 

ife^? 

1  c. 

:  — T 

^r^'i? 

iiD^^iri 

iiD-ci'iri 

—  T 

Infix,  ^JsoZ. 

TZJiiD 

T      • 

iDin 

■iS'in 

■pn; 

Constr. 

V   V 

■^'i?D 

^'?" 

rn 

— ^ -.- 

FiJT.  3  m. 

tib: 

"T     • 

1I5-51 

^5: 

)f): 

3/ 

^in 

••T      • 

u:^|in 

-  ••• 

"iPPi 

2  w. 

irin 

uj'isn 

'j:-3n 

■C3n 

iriPi 

2/ 

^ir^n 

•  :iT  • 

^"q^^x^ 

'  ^"i'3n 

^;nn 

Ic. 

—  V 

^i|« 

■^"^^ 

"d3J?^ 

-  \ 

ip}« 

PZwr.  3  w. 

:  • 

:iT  • 

vj^r 

isn" 

3/ 

T    ;  —   • 

T     ;   -r    • 

T    :  ••  — 

T    :  —  ••, 

(rann) 

2  771. 

iiiiin 

:iT  • 

Vu:^?n 

!onn 

2/ 

nj-uj^ri 

T    :    -T    • 

nr^'in 

H5'^3n 

(rann) 

Ic. 

"^5? 

D'ir? 

^^33 

—  ••• 

l^. 

Imper.  2  w. 

•u:3 

Tziisn 

'ujSJj 

|fl 

2/ 

^b*3sn 

^TD'^sn 

wanting 

'\^ 

P^wr.  2  w. 

Vi'3 

:>T   • 

vjj'-'in 

*iDn 

2/ 

nr^"5 

T    :  "T    • 

T     :  ••  — 

(ra^) 

Part.  ^c«. 

ir"ib 

•iD-'S^J 

lt!3 

Pass. 

12^:5 

T  • 

1*3 

11 


X. 

Paradigm 

OP  Ayin 

KAL. 

NIPHAL. 

PIEL. 

Peet.  3  m. 

-^? 

=0 

1C3 

— T 

■  ^^y^ 

3/ 

"=^^ 

T    — 

,ns63 

niiio 

2w. 

(^?=?) 

T              — 

T        — : 

mi^o 

2/ 

(^?=?) 

nino 

rviic5 

niiio 

:   ;  — 

1  c. 

•   :  —  T 

^niiD 

^rf3.t} 

^Fiiiio 

Plur.  3  c. 

iiiiD 

^no 

*i^5? 

^iiio 

:     1 

2  m. 

(«=^???) 

— 

dniats 

Draife 

V  :  —     1 

2/. 

(m??) 

liliSD 

tr^i^. 

tR^^ 

1  c. 

^snio 

>Ci3D 

ilwIiCp 

!i3inio 

Infix.  ^5«oZ. 

iSio 

.1 

30 

lion 

idio 

Constr. 

nno 

I'd 

n6n 

iiio 

FuT.  3  w. 

lb: 

id: 

ife^ 

•  ^i^w"! 

3/ 

nin 

T  ' 

nsn 

-  ^1^ 

liicn 

2  w. 

nbn  " 

IDn 

.  i|ri 

-iiicn 

2/ 

•           T 

^istn 

'^liri 

^iiicn 

•    :      1    : 

Ic. 

T 

V 

—    V 

^^^'iCJjil 

PZwr.  3  ?». 

.26: 

^io^ 

silfe^ 

-^liiSc^ 

3/ 

T  :       • 

njifen 

njiiicn 

2  w. 

>13CP, 

:   • 

^ifen 

tiiicn 

2/ 

"r^ci^ 

T    ; 

nj^fen 

nriiicn 

T  :  ••         : 

1  c. 

ac5 

15? 

ife? 

21^? 

Imper.  2  w. 

2b 

i?n 

liio 

2/ 

"20 

^isri 

■^iiio 

•   :     1 

P^wr.  2  m. 

iClD 

iiion 

iiiiio 

:     1 

2/. 

""^» 

riDifen 

T  :  —  • 

n:iiio 

Part.  ^ce. 

=?D 

litoj 

: 

P««s. 

2>liD 

=?? 

12 


Doubled  Verbs,  §  35. 

HIPHIL. 

HOPnAL. 

HITHPAEL. 

PIKL. 

ucn 

nc^n 

tiircn 

^?  =  ? 

nncn 

nac^n 

riiiincn 

1  UWJJ 

iniiicn 

rniirrn 

rc^T? 

niicn 

riniinpn 

^???? 

wacn 

T^.22incn 

Tofc::o 

•  :  —  :   • 

^s:cn 

^:ibn 

^ninpn 

iiic::c 

Dhincn 

Gpnaincn 

V  :  —  :   • 

•jW^^Jj 

1  V  :  -      1  :    • 

^SiSCiT 

^jniirtn 

iijDc::o 

^fcrv 

M^?5 

••    T 

niincin 

^?T'5 

^i?: 

•  ncr 

^=1^^^?' 

•qc^c- 

acn 

nc^in 

iniincn 

•qfcxn 

=cn 

nc^n 

niinsn 

^Dt?^ 

-sen 

^2c^n 

•   :  :  —   : 

:iCN 

sfc^i< 

-iipr^ 

^?T?^: 

lac; 

SQCr 

:      1  J  • 

^^9t?: 

nraci? 

n5::iir.OT 

n:t:c::cn 

iiacn 

iinc^.n 

^i^ircn 

!  :  —  : 

n-iicn 

T  :  ••         .    * 

n:?c^cri 

aC5 

nb3 

siirc? 

■^^T?? 

=?V 

niircn 

■^i^P? 

"acn 

•^iniran 

^^9?? 

•     •"     T 

wanting 

^:s6n 

•  1  •  * 

:    :  — 

T     V  •   -: 

runiincn 

T  :    ••  .  — 

T 

nnir.C'^ 

M^t^'t 

13 


XI.     Paradigm  op 

Atin  Vav 

KAL. 

NIPUAL. 

riEL. 

PUAL. 

Pket.  3  m. 

OR 

•  m 

D7bip 

d^bip 

8/ 

^'51? 

Ii/Jip; 

n/j-jij^ 

T  :    J, 

2w. 

^2 

ni-b^p3 

mbip 

rr^7bip 

2/ 

n7jj5 

ni-h^pD 

ri/f^ip 

i^-fbip 

Ic. 

*rii?]2 

wb^ipD 

■'rj/fbip 

"ri?fbip 

Plur.  3  c. 

lafe 

^-jiji; 

^■b-f'l^ 

•  ^'^'^V, 

,     2«i. 

tinifi^ 

Ciini-jipji 

dri^fjij^ 

^?^ 

2/ 

#|E 

l^i"^iPr? 

OTt 

im^ 

Ic. 

^"^12 

ilDii^pD 

^"^7bSp 

Tj'^cip 

Infin.  Absol. 

Dip 

Dipn 

Constr. 

nip 

Dipn 

D/2ip 

FuT.  8  w. 

Qqp; 

rtp^ 

Disip: 

d^bip^ 

3/. 

Qipn 

c:1|?h 

D^bipn 

d^bipn 

2  7». 

Dipn 

cipn 

D:bipn 

dtipn 

2/. 

r^ipn 

^2:ipn 

rb^aifjn 

^t^sifjn 

Ic. 

dips 

dipjj 

ci'bipH 

d^bipy: 

PZwn  3  m. 

i-ip: 

^/jip^ 

^^^^1?: 

ii:i::fp": 

3/. 

rer^iprn 

TOJipn 

riD:j7bipn 

npT^^bipn 

2  w. 

v::ipn 

ii:i:ipn 

^■b"jipn 

:    'I    : 

ii'b^aipn 

2/. 

ns-zbipn 

T     V    '     : 

nr-^ipn 

nrfjipr^ 

nrfbipn 

1  c. 

DT>3 

dip? 

I3t;ip5 

't±T? 

Imper.  2  m. 

n^p 

tDipn 

d-bip 

2/. 

r^^p 

^;jipri 

'"br)ip 

wanting 

P?W7-.  2  w. 

'■''•? 

ii^jipri 

^2'T^ 

■    2/     ' 

"?'rP 

Mj/^ipn 

nj-jjip 

Pakt.  -4c^. 

^P. 

D"bT"-3 

Pass. 

t3p 

Dijij 

d7jip53 

14 

AND    AyIN 

YoDii  Verbs,  ^37. 

HipniL. 

nOPHAL. 

HITUPAEL. 

KAL. 

t3"i?n 

Dp^n 

diiprri 

T 

trr'^T} 

s^"?p^n 

nt27Jipinn 

ran 

T    T 

C^^J'-Tn 

(^'rP^^) 

mbipnri 

Pisn     r^iin 

nrj-'pn 

(n-^^^n) 

r.-fj^pnri 

:   :  — 

^rii-rpn 

(^n-^fe^n) 

^n^fjipr^rj 

"pnn    ''n'lin 

^'-"pr? 

^■::;?.n 

ii^iriipnn 

iQT         iC^S 

Diitirij^n 

(Dn?:p^ri) 

Dri7fjipnn 

t3I??^ 

•jriTi^jpn 

(I^tP^^) 

•jr)^!a^p)n?i 

1^?^ 

^2Ti"pn 

(^3:^p^n) 

^D^fbipnri 

ii:::S 

t3P0 

nil       nn 

C3T0 

di'ipnri 

a'T 

>=t: 

np^^ 

t^'bipt?: 

•   T 

d^pn 

Djb^n 

d:jiprn 

•     T 

nyT) 

np^n 

d'jipnn 

•     T 

.  VPt? 

^ip^^ 

^■j-fpnn 

•        •     T 

d^px 

Dp^5< 

l^'bT^'J? 

^■^■p; 

•''-P^' 

^i:j"9^pn: 

ic^n" 

n:j2ibFi 

(r::^p^n) 

nj'figiprin 

T    ;   ••  T 

^•rpn 

iiiip^n 

^'j-fi^inn 

•     T 

^^E^ 

(nr^p^in) 

r;r::"jiprri 

nrnnn 

T  :  "  T 

t^T^J 

Dp^3 

dT^ipSTij 

•  T 

apO 

--  . 

dTbipinn 

-*■? 

.   ^^'P?7. 

wanting 

rj^a^jDm 

/n^n 

-  ^"^'PO 

^■i^ifjnri 

ii2-n 

»^??P0 

nrjiiprn 

T   :    ••   J     :    • 

(^n^) 

t3'p"^ 

' 

diipn^j 

T 

Dij^-J 

"Vh 

15 


XII 

.    Paradigm  of 

Pe    YODH 

Verbs,  §36.            1 

KAL. 

NIPIIAL. 

HIPHIL. 

nopnAL. 

KAL. 

Peet.  3  m. 

—  r 

niris 

n-^iDin 

-i-Jin 

^rji:-. 

3/ 

r    :iT 

T    :    1 

T          • 

T    :      1 

nic; 

2  m. 

T   :   — r 

T  :  — 

nnirin 

T  :  - 

T   :  — T 

2/ 

nn^ij 

nniDin 

.  Tupn 

:    :  -r 

Ic. 

•    :   — T 

^nniri: 

•   :  — 

''rair^n 

"SH'^n; 

Plur.  3  c. 

:  IT 

1 

^2-i2iin 

:       1 

^2^ 

2  ?». 

V  :   — : 

Dnniris 

V  :   -      1 

V   :   -      1 

^^'^5. 

2/ 

|J??^: 

1  V  :  -    J 

F  V  ;    —      I 

IMiTiin 

1?^?: 

Ic. 

:   — T 

^32iriD 

:   — 

iisni^'iin 

ii3i:a; 

Inpin.  ^5«oZ. 

ni-ij^ 

-irin 

uii-* 

Constr. 

V     V 

•T      • 

:n^i?in 

nir^n 

'c±: 

FuT.  3  w. 

^^.1 

nij!!^^ 

2'-'xr 

315^" 

■^5'? 

3/ 

^VJ-} 

"T     • 

n^irin 

nui^n 

^n-'ri 

2  m. 

-T?^ 

••T      • 

n^i?in 

n-^^n 

Tzii^n 

2/ 

•     :iT  • 

^n^irin 

*iai^n 

•    :      I- 

Ic. 

=^'^^'? 

niirnii^ 

n^i-ij^ 

mij^wS 

•uii-Ni 

Plur.  3  w. 

:iT« 

^n-^'iiv 

;     1 

3/ 

T  :  —  •• 

T  :    ■• 

T   :    — 

T    :  —     • 

2  w. 

:'T  • 

ii^^'iin 

:      1 

iitsnT. 

2/. 

njnicn 

T   :    "T    • 

njnir^n 

T  :    - 

nripn-n 

Ic. 

^"i?.? 

••T« 

n^-i?i3 

■     n"i:'^3 

Tri-3 

Impee.  2  w. 

=^^ 

••T     • 

-^iin 

^i? 

2/ 
PZwr.  2  m. 

•    :iT   • 
:iT   • 

wanting 

2/ 

T   :    •• 

"r^5: 

Paet.  ^c^. 

n-ij-^ 

n^tri-a 

ti^ 

Pas«. 

riiir; 

niBi3 

T 

T 

16 


XIII. 

Paradigm  op  Lamedii  Aleph  Verbs 

>,    §38. 

KAL. 

NIPHAL. 

PIEL. 

niPiiiL. 

IlITIIPAEL. 

Peet.  3  ro. 

T     T 

^?T? 

«?'-? 

«"??n 

^^-^r^" 

3/ 

T  :   IT 

T    ;    :  • 

T    :    • 

T      •    :    • 

nkr^rn 

2  m. 

T        T    r 

T        ••    :  • 

T             ••     • 

T        ••    :    • 

r)^?=^^n 

2/. 

T     T 

r^J^^r? 

nxk^ 

n^^i^n 

nxk-:nn 

1(5. 

T     T 

^^^^:Ti 

T^'^sr'r 

^nwHi'^n 

T^^^fi-^riri 

Plur.  3  c. 

:  IT 

^5<r^? 

^.s-k:an 

^i^rirrn 

2  w. 

T    : 

D!ni52-J 
..  . 

Dni5r::n 

2/ 

t^'^l 

'^mP^ 

r^?} 

-|r)i<2i"^rri 

1  e. 

r   T 

"^?"t? 

^:«rj 

'r.^Tin 

^:^5r?-^nr; 

Infix.  ^J«o? 

.    biii'j 

i^'i'^? 

b^f^-^ 

^?^»j 

Constr 

^i^q 

••     T      • 

^?'^ 

J^^^'rH 

FuT.  3  w. 

T    :  • 

^?'^: 

•    ;  — 

3/ 

^ri7\ 

••     T      • 

J^Tr^ 

i^ii'^nri 

2  w. 

T    :    • 

i<k^ri 

^?'=<^ 

^^i:rin 

^?=r^ 

2/. 

^i?^"r^ 

"^ij-^^gn 

^ijt-i-in 

"isi-r^n 

^^%^t^x^ 

Ic. 

T    :    V 

^??^ 

^?"=? 

i<-k5315 

P^wr.  3  w. 

^:s:rr 

;   iT» 

i)i^^-g^ 

'^'<CTT 

^k^•zt\': 

3/ 

T        V    ;     • 

T            V     T       • 

T       V  -  : 

T        V    :   — 

r        V  —   :    • 

2  w. 

^i^^'r^ 

ii{i:f:an 

^&i!2:;n 

•i^^i-^n 

;  —  :    • 

2/ 

T       V   :    • 

T            V     T      • 

T       V  —  : 

r       V    :   — 

nri^f|-^)nn 

1  c. 

N^-a 

^4'^? 

J^*?"t5 

Kfi'in? 

Impe?..  2  w. 

••     T     • 

^?? 

5^?tl! 

5^?"=^rJ 

2/ 

"^^^r^ 

^i^^'2 

^^^krn 

^ik^-2irri 

Plur,  2  w. 

:    • 

^K^i^gn 

iijkr^ 

^v^^riri 

^.sr^rn 

2/ 

T        V    : 

T            V     T      • 

nr^i-j 

T       V    :   — 

T       •••-:• 

Part.  Act. 

552b 

^i:2'2 

K-rf^ 

i^k-^ra 

Pass. 

r 

^?^? 

17 


XIV. 

Paradigm 

of.Lamedh 

KAL. 

NIPHAL. 

PIEL. 

Peet.  3  m. 

n5a 

T   T 

T  :  • 

T    • 

3/     ' 

^^?l 

nhbro 

T  :   ;  • 

nhba 

T  :  • 

2  m. 

T      •     T 

n-ba 

T      •     • 

2/ 

•    r 

n'b33 

n^bii 

Ic. 

-n-iil 

T'b'jS 

-1^-% 

Plur.  3  c. 

«3 

6a? 

^i^ 

27». 

t^ri^b:? 

Dh^bii 

2/. 

l^"^f 

1  V    •• :  • 

?    V       •    • 

le. 

^'^Ja 

^2"l?f? 

^D-b'a 

Infin.  u4&soZ. 

irSa 

n^':iD 

n-ba 

Constr. 

nib's 

r    • 

riba 

FuT.  3  w. 

nb'a" 

V     T   • 

nba- 

3/. 

n5;n 

-ban 

rviws 

2  m. 

nbsn 

rib'sn 

V    T      • 

nbjin 

2/. 

"b?!? 

-ban 

•    T      • 

-iw^ 

Ic. 

nH?« 

^^ 

nbas 

P^wr.  3  w. 

^'j?: 

fer 

>iba- 

3/. 

nr.^fi? 

nj'b'an 

T    V  r    • 

nj-ban 

T    V  —  : 

2  «>. 

^5:in 

^an 

^ban 

2/. 

-r.??t^ 

nrb'an 

T      V  T    • 

nrbair, 

1  c. 

-333 

V    T  • 

^^i? 

Impee.  2  w. 

nBa 

nbiiri 

.     -b'a 

2/. 

•  : 

-ban 

•    T     • 

-b'a 

F}uf,  2  w. 

^Bs 

T      • 

.      ^ba 

2/ 

fis-'lJa 

T    V  : 

nrb'rin 

T      V    T      • 

n;-b'a 

T       V    — 

Part.  Act. 

ri5a 

n.55-3 

Pass. 

.6a 

nbas 

V  :  • 

18 


He  Verbs,  §  39. 

PUAL. 

nipniL. 

nornAL. 

HITHPAEL. 

nVa 

■r  ;    • 

ri%r} 

nVarri 

T  :  :     • 

nhbrin 

r  :  :    T 

nnbsnn 

^l 

K'"?'^! 

r    ••  :    r 

ij'bsnri 

n4'?n 

r^^^?0 

n^Vsnri 

T'!?? 

Ti-'^jri 

T'b'sn 

•    ••  :    T 

^n->Brn 

,% 

% 

% 

'•'b'^nn 

Qn'^3 

l=^"V5!7 

tn-bsnri 

t-^ 

wyff 

t'^fl 

)i?l5tiri 

^^ 

ic-^n 

^='^V 

iirbsnri 

{-^^ 

1  J-'-^'J 

n!??ri  ■ 

(nbsnr;) 

rnh 

nfe 

(nib'?n) 

nibjnn 

"f?: 

nbV 

n,^"?; 

^f^^r 

M53n 

4^ 

-^?i? 

nVsrn 

V  —  :    • 

^??^ 

nV^n 

i^5?? 

nVinn 

"^J^ 

'•in 

•IT 

"b'sriri 

^.% 

niK 

nb3« 

V  :   T 

-)'5t?^ 

^Vr 

iH?: 

i  T 

%: 

re\yjn 

re-fer) 

T   V  :  T 

inr^5»?J!' 

iilsjn 

6?r) 

63n 

^b'srn 

'T)'f> 

ra'y?5 

T    V  :   T 

re-Vsnn 

T    V  —  :    • 

".V^? 

1  j_^-y 

nb:o 

V  :  r 

-b'5n? 

n!^3n 

nVsnn 

wanting 

'&n 

wanting 

75nr: 

!i«?n 

^%m 

r!;-!>3rT 

T    V  :   — 

rriyQ 

nbsr^j 

V  —  ;    • 

-^^ 

.         ..         1 

19 


XV.    Declension  of  Nouns. 


I.  Nouns  icMcJi  suffer  a  cMnge  in  the  vowels  onlij. 
i.     With  Kamets  or  Tsore  in  the  penult. 


Sing.  Ahs,      li^N^  master  Const,    "jll^j^ 

11"1^T  memorial  l1"l?T 


yib)^  interpreter  T^'-'P 

Masc  bi^tk  great  Fern.  nbil!l 

T  T 

b^t:p^  Kal.  pass.  part.       nb^itDp 


Fern-  Miin 


Pl.  Ms.  t'l^li^ 

t]^5\b7a 

Masc.  Q-'bln^ 

ti-'bVjp 

ii.     With  Tsere  in  the  uUinuite. 
a.  M()no«iylhibles. 

Sing.  Ahs.         V>*  tree.  Const      V^.,       ^^-  ^^*-    ^""5?  ^^w-^^-    '^^S'' 

Z».  Poly  syllables  having  pretonic  Kamets  in  the  penult. 

I  I  I  I 

Sing.  Ahs-.       'l^^  heavy  Const.  ll^or'^lQ^      Pl.  Ahs,  d^ilHllS         Const.  ^^"Z 


Masc.  "tJ^^  tliy       Fern.   HtUu'' 


3f«s'c.  D^tT'n''     -^6'«-  i^iu?^"^ 


c.  Polysylhxbles  having  any  other  vowel  than  Kamets  in  th( 
penult. 


Sing.  Ahs.    I3 -j1I2J  judge. 


Const    t:3il2?    Pi-    ^^■^'  tD^tOSlD 


Masc.  btDp  Kal  Act.  part.  i^ew. ^b tOP  or  inbtDP  -^«^<?-  Q"'b'DP 
btDP^Pielpart.         nbtSp)2ortlbtOp)2         Q-'btSP^ 

iii.     With  Kamets  in  the  ultimate. 


Sing.  Ahs.  j"^  fisli 

I 
tU'^p/^  sanctuary 

T  I:    • 

"nUl  word 

I 

X^^  cloud 

IT     T 

iib  heart 
Masc.     G^n  wise 

T     T 

bt3p5  Kiph.  part. 


Const        ^1 

nil 


1?? 
nib 


Pl.  Ahs.     tj^ti^ 

•       T 

tD^n::b 


Fern,  nibtip 

iiibtop?:; 


Const     15*7 


j'm.  n^iDn      i/'asc.  D^^DH    Fern-  ni72Dn 


ribt)p5or]nbtop!3  t3^bi:p5 


20 


nibtDPD 


XV.      DECLENSION    OF  NOUNS. 


Const.  '^>iC\)2 


^5? 


Fern.  iliS"! 


iv.     With  final  n,. 

SixG.  Ahs.    n^*l?3   appearance   Const.  Hi^"]^    Tl.    ^65.  D^^5*IZ3 

^7R   reed  K?;?  d^Dp^ 

Masc,      JIB""    fair  Fan.     nS"*  Masc.  ft'^S*' 

V    T  T    T  •     T 

V.     Segliolates. 

f  V  •.•  •  T     ;  -  :     - 

y:^   Dual. 

II.  Nouns  which  double  their  final  consonant. 

Sing.  Ahs.       V^!^  camel  Const.      ^^5     Pi,   Ahs.    tj''^!p5         Cons^.    1?))23 

pn  D^pn 


Sim  J6«.       tj.b?3  king 

•nlPO  covert 

t:.^:?  etreiigth 

1:3?3  lord 

ri]^  death 

-j^^?  eye 

b  J"l  foot 

lf^5  ear 

d-'^ns 

^">>^P 

•    T  t: 

'???? 

t3\b>;? 

"^bs^s 

D^^iro 

^ril73 

d^s-^:? 

^5^2? 

t3?b?n 

^.>5i 

d^DTi^ 

•^JTfi^ 

*l^  garden 

pn  statute 

yj  tooth 
i 
Misc.      lt!OP  small 

'  T   It 

prs:?  deep 


J'ejH.   n|pp    PL.  Masc.  d"'ptpp        J^ew.  tllStOp 


npft3?  d'^p^^ 

'  I  III 

Ahs.      ^yi'S  Hebrew  Cows<.^-ip3?  Pl.  J6s.  d^^"}!^?  ordin^:?  Co»5/.  •n^i'l^!? 

Jlfasc.    int:  fresh  Fein.      XV^y^Masc.  d"'^*lp  ili'^'7'P 

III.  Otiur  nouns  suffer  no  change. 

Sing.  Jfts.'O^l^b^g  garment      Const.  tlJ^Sb??  P^-- ^&s.  d^itp^Sb??  Const.  "iti^Sb^ 
Jfasc.   iit:  good  Fern.    Jlil'ID  ^«^'c.   d'lii'D     i'^ni.     tllilt: 

b''pp?3  Hiph.  part  nbippT?  or  t-ib':^p)3    d"^b''pp?3    nfi^tpp)a 
2I 


XV. 

DECLENSION   OF   NOUNS. 

JSJ^ouns  ivith  tJie feminine  ending  n^. 

i.     With  Kamets  or  Tsere  in  the  penult 

1                                    1                           1 

Sing.  Abs.       X^y^  fish         Const.             J^tiT    Pl.  Ahs.        ty\yi 

T      T                                                                                                       -       :                                                                                    T 

Co7i.!?t     tni-^":; 

H/^p!]  vengeance 

n^;:^?            ni72f55 

r,1?:j^j 

X'\'2J^  counsel 

n??^             mi? 

t^±^^ 

nsb  lip 

J^g^    Dual.        t^Jn^tS 

^:??ti? 

ii. 

From  Segholates. 

Sma.  J&s.    n3b73  queen       Const        t\^'bn    V^-  Ahs.    Jniib):    Const     TilDbTD 

T  :   -                                                     -   :   -                                       T    :                                   :    - 

1 

XV\tyO  covert 

nine           niino 

niSnp 

n^:23?  strength 
T    :   T 

iii.     All  others. 

nl?2?y 

Sdtg.  Abs.        515 !»  garden 

Cowsi.          JnS^    Pl.  ^&s.        Jni55 

co«5?.  t-ii35 

n^'^t!?""  salvation 
T         : 

iii^irf^^           t[-\yv2i\ 

nli^.ir)"'. 

JVoims  with  the  fe7ninine  ending  tl. 

SixG.^&5.ri"])2'd)3  observance  Cons«.  nn72tr))2  Pl.  Ahs.  tCr\)yil2  Const  ^^-^lym 

tlp.51"'  sucker 

nfj.Dv           m'p^v 

nlp5i>. 

nb^b^  sknii 

nbib^          i^'^'^?^? 

nib?^^ 

rr^nn:?  nebrew-woman    rpnn!?           ril'^i^? 

rn'r?? 

ri^.^b??  kingdom 

n-iDb^             m*'^^^b73 

ni'::b)2 

•22 


XVI.    Paradigm  of  Nouns  with  Suffixes,  ^49, 

SiNGULAE. 

lieart       ^ihb    king       ^2    queen     r7|b:j      hand     ^r 

con^t.     ■        nib  ^2  n|b:j  r 


Sing.  1  (J.   mj  «  ^iljb  «  ^ib7J  "  ^f^^^/J  " 

2.;..  thy  "  Tjznb  "  ijsb?  "  ^nsb"^  u 

2/  thy  "  tpnb  "  ^2  "  ^r^Jb^  u 

3  m.  his  "  iiab  «  i3b:j  "  ir\p2  - 

3/  her  "  rtinb  "  n|b:j  "  ^tp2  " 

P?«r.l..    our  "  ilDiub  "  ii:ib:j  u  w,;^'^^^  „ 


•T 

T 


iir 


2  m.  your  "  din^b  "  Disb/j  "  &in5b-j   «     oiT 

2/   your  "  -^  u  ^^^  ,,  ^^     ,,        .^- 

3  m.  their  "  Q^nb  «  di(b"J  "  D^lSbTJ 

3/   their  «  -jiib  "  -jibg  "  lh3b^ 


ft:  — 


PiCBAL.  Dual. 

hearts  lD-ii::b  kings  U'ibn  queens  n1=b-J   hands  Q'l' 

C""**.  'iiab  -5ba  niibTj  ^'. 


2«.thy  "    ?}^inb  <'   tj^ib-^  u  w,^^-.i,-  ,  :: 

2/.  thy  «    ?,-i2b  "   ^:5ba  "   ^.^iiibba  "  tj'^'^ 

3  m.  his  "    viab  "    riba  «    vMsb-j  "  rV 

3/  her  "   n^iab  "   n-ib-^  «  n-i^T^C.^  „  ^,i;: 

pz«r.  1 ..  our  "    iirinb  "   iirib-^  "   siriiisb-j  "  !i;^- 

2  m.  your  «    Di'S^b  "    D^Dba  "    Di-fflSb-j  "  £35^' 

2/  your  "    -i'n^b  "    -ji^sb-J  "    -i-rlbba  "  "ii-T 

3m.their  "  Qn-n^b  "  Bn^Dba  "dfj-mbba  «  d^'t 

3/.  their  "  .-jn-aab  "  -jh-aba  "  iri^nTsbTJ  «  ih^r 


23 


XVII.     Numerals, 

^51. 

Cardinals. 

Masc  uline. 

Feminine. 

Ahsol. 

C(?«««r. 

Ahsol, 

Constr. 

Ono 

^0? 

nfi« 

tht^ 

nni5 

Two 

orr? 

^5^ 

d:^^ 

^P}^ 

Three 

nib^a 

Tcb^D 

tb'9 

Four 

r:^ 

roins 

yy^^ 

ri'^15 

Five 

ti^'Ti 

n-#rt 

••  r 

'^in 

Six 

T      • 

ifizi 

Tiii: 

Seven 

TOu^^ 

n?Ti 

ma 

—    V 

riti 

Eight 

nibti 

nib'd 

nib-vT 

: 

Kine 

r    :    • 

r.rin 

rOT 

rtin 

Ten 

T   T  -: 

V  V-: 

V  V 

^bi? 

Eleven 

1   -ri? 

Twelve 

i     -ffi3 

^5^ 

Thirteen 

T   T 

T      : 

..  .  ... 

Fourteen 

T   T 

T  T  :  — 

^^*^7 

^'IT^ 

Fifteen 

T   T 

T    •   -! 

m:^? 

^t'!! 

Sixteen 

T   T 

n"^iD 

.. . ... 

TTir 

Seventeen 

T  r 

ni^TvZj 

•"0^'? 

:?i'9 

Eighteen 

T  r 

T        : 

..  . ... 

nib^ 

Nineteen 

T    T 

n^^n 

.. . ... 

rirn 

Twenty 

D-^ntJ^       Sixty             D-'fett? 

One  hundred 

5"'^? 

Ti)irty 

D'^fcblD        Seventy      D'^^niJ? 

Two  hundred 

D:inxtt 

Forty 

D'^l^n-lX       Eighty        D^bbtD 

One  thousand 

^\k 

Fifty 

n^fon     Ninety     D*^i?;&n 

Ten  thousand 

Kian 

Ordinals. 

First 

liicj<n          Fifth       ^TXin 

Eighth       *'b"'l3» 

Second 

"it 

Sixth            "^© 

Ninth     "^i^wn 

Third 

i©ibt3           { 

Seventh    *'1?'^S© 

Tenth       ^n-ito^ 

Fourth 

^'i^'^nn 

24 


XVIII.     Inseparable  Prepositions  and  Vav 
Conjunctive,  ^  52. 

Primary  form,  3            3             5           1 

Before  vowelless  Consonants,  Si           S           p            1* 

Before  Gutturals  with  Compound  Sh'va,  the  corresponding  short  'cowel. 

Before  monosyllables  and  accented  syllables,  -j-  3           3            b           "J 

With  the  contracted  article,  the  vowel  of  the  article. 

*  Also  before  the  labials  Z.  13 ,  and  2 ,  but  *]  before  vowelless  Todh. 
t  With  the  interrogative  HSa ,  nB3 ,  Pia^  or  n»b . 

The   Preposition  TP,  He  Interrogative,  the  Article, 
AND  THE  Interrogative  ra. 

Before  strong  consonants,  'lO  SI  'H       'rYQ* 

Before    vowelless    consonants  and  strong    )     ^  ^  ^        ^ 

gutturals,  \    ^  ^  r?         ..13 

Before  weak  gutturals,  t3  H  H        Jlia 

Before  gutturals  with  Kamets,  "Q  «!?  *!?        ^^^ 

*  But  with  a  disjunctive  accent  commonly  Txn . 

Inseparable  Prepositions  with  Suffixes. 

SiNGULAB. 

*  TV. 

Pltjeal. 

T      '  V    T  T     '  VT  V  T  .  .  *•  ^' 

8/.  "ina,  |ha  "(hb  —  'm 

24 


Ic. 

"3 

'? 

2  »i. 

^s. 

n^ 

^.A> 

2/ 

^ 

^^ 

3  wt. 

ii 

T3 

3/ 

t.| 

T 

Ic. 

t^ 

P 

T 

2  wi. 

Q^5 

^>. 

*1. 

*2. 

3. 

4. 
5. 

*6. 

*T. 
*8. 
*9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 

*13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

IT. 
*18. 

*19. 

,  *20. 

21. 

*22. 

23. 

♦24. 

*25. 

26. 


XIX.     The  Accents,  ^15. 

DISJUNCTIVES. 

Class  I.     EmperorB. 

Silluk  (,) 

Athnahh  (a) 

Class  II.  Kings. 

S'gholta  (*) 

Zakeph  Katon  (*  ) 

Zakeph  Gadhol  (  '") 

Tiphhha  ( , ) 

Class  III.  Dules. 

(■) 


ji<FlViO     'postp. 


R'bhr 

Shalsheleth 

Zarka 

Pashta 

Y'thlbh 

T'bhir 


Pazer 

Karne  Phara 

T'lisha  Gh'dhola 

Geresh 

G'rashayim 

P'slk 


C) 

C) 

L) 
(  ) 

Class  IV.  Counts 

C) 

n 

o 
(") 


postp, 
postp. 
prep. 


^TQ 


CONJUNCTIVES. 

Merka  (,) 

MQnalih  (^) 

Merl  a  Kh'phala  {J 

Malipakh  (< ) 

Darga  •  (,  ) 

Kadhma  C) 

Yerahh  ben  YomO  (  ^) 

T'lisha  K'tanna  (    ) 

25 


n^ina  stt^^^n    prep. 

•    -  »  : 

ip-^tps 
Rervanfs. 

»T  :   - 


XX.      Consecution  of  Accents,  §  19, 


Primart 
Sections. 

O 

S5 

il 

(5 

H 
O 

D 

5 

1^ 

TO 

u 

O 

o 
O 

>> 

U 

ft 

H 
>• 
H 
O 

o 

* 
1 

/ 

r  V 

/».) 

» 

.00 

'(") 

Ih.l 

A 

- 

A 

..C) 

CO 

lhS 

Secondary 
Sbctions. 

i 

J  J 

C) 

jSu 

a 

• 

j[j\s)y\j) 

K 

J  J  J  J 

J 

/» 

TTWFSUAL 

Sections. 

1 
1 

1/» 

V  J  J  J  J  J 

The  accents  in  parenthesis  are  liable  to  be  substituted  for  those  that  pre- 
cede them.  Thus  in  the  train  of  Silluk  or  Athnahh  occupying  the  upper 
horizontal  line  of  the  fable,  if  T'bhir  is  preceded  by  one  Conjunctive,  it  will 
be  Darga  or  Merka ;  if  by  two,  the  second  will  be  Kadhma  or  Munahh  ;  if 
by  three,  the  third  will  be  T'lisha  K'tanna. 

26 


; 


1 
Date  Due                          ^ 

%8     •^ 

k5           i 

' 

■1 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 

i 

1 

i 

f) 

'c  :S 


rpcn 


